tourism diversification in africa

• Disclosures
• Insights & Reports

Owned by 186 member countries and consistently rated AAA/Aaa. IFC aims to achieve our mission of promoting development by providing debt and equity to the private sector, through a range of benchmark and bespoke products.

• Governments
• Apply for Financing
• IFC Careers
• General Inquiries

A Ticket to Recovery: Reinventing Africa’s Tourism Industry

• COVID-19 triggered an unprecedented crisis in Africa’s tourism industry.
• Still, a growing middle class and young population bode well for travel businesses.
• Tapping domestic tourism demand will be key to rejuvenating the sector.

By Olivier Monnier

Months into the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Kenya’s normally manicured beaches were carpeted three-feet deep in parts with thick layers of seaweed.

The Indian Ocean had seemingly taken advantage of the shuttered hotels and absence of tourists to reclaim the white sands in normally bustling Diani, Watamu, Malindi, and other favoured places along Kenya’s coastline.

The story was similar across much of Africa: pandemic-induced lockdowns and grounded flights devastated the continent’s tourism industry, forcing many operators to the brink of bankruptcy—or to cease operations.

During the height of the pandemic in West Africa, the Azalaï Hotel Group took the difficult decision to close completely. The Group has since reopened most of its hotels in the region, but more than half its rooms remain empty.

"I think 2021 is going to be another tough year for the sector," said Mossadeck Bally, founder and Chief Executive Officer of the hotel group. "The vaccination rollout will give travellers some confidence, but I don’t think people will travel much this year. The recovery will really start in 2022."

Unprecedented Crisis

Over the past 20 years, tourism has become vital to African economies. In 2019, the industry accounted for about seven percent of Africa’s GDP and contributed $169 billion to its economy—about the size of Côte d’Ivoire’s and Kenya’s combined GDP.

“The impact has been very strong,” said Bally, who refused a salary himself for more than a year. “Our industry was devastated because all of a sudden, we’ve been asked to just stop operating. We are a front-line sector so we are suffering first before it reaches the other industries.”

Aside from its Grand Hotel in Bamako, Mali’s capital, Azalai’s locations have resumed operations but with fewer staff, pay cuts of up to 40 percent and a hiring freeze, Bally said. Occupancy rates range from five percent in Guinea Bissau to 40 percent in Côte d’Ivoire, still well below normal levels.

Dependence on Foreign Travelers

Africa’s tourism sector has persevered largely without the financial relief provided by governments in wealthier, more developed regions, with the continent’s smaller businesses in the sector most affected.

The crisis has also exposed Africa’s dependence on foreign travelers. This is especially true for countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, which have developed significant leisure and safari-oriented facilities that appeal to European, American, Asian, and other visitors.

In December 2020, an IFC and Dalberg Advisors survey of selected tourism companies in Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia revealed that the companies would lose two thirds of their revenue from international tourism receipts in the 2020-2021 season.

Some experts believe that Africa might take longer to recover than other regions due in part to a lack of domestic and intraregional demand and the sector’s weaker supply chain.

According to the WTTC, domestic tourism accounted for 55 percent of travel and tourism spending in Africa in 2019, below the contribution of local tourism in North America (83 percent), Europe (64 percent) and Asia-Pacific (74 percent). Domestic tourism accounted for 73 percent of the total global tourism spending in 2017 .

“Much of the world has had the advantage of relying on captive domestic and regional audiences. But in Africa, domestic tourism has been overlooked for a long time,” said Hermione Nevill, an IFC Senior Tourism Specialist in Johannesburg. “The sector needs to be oriented towards more diversified markets so that there is greater resilience in future.”

But all is not lost for Africa’s hard-pressed tourism sector—and some countries have already acted to entice domestic tourists.

Reinventing the Industry

While Africa’s domestic tourism industry is growing—by 2050, Nigeria will have the world’s third largest population, for example—it remains largely untapped and burdened by challenges.

Connectivity is an issue. Traveling around the continent can be complicated and expensive, in part because countries restrict their markets to protect their state-owned air carriers. Although 44 African countries adopted the Yamoussoukro decision to liberalize the aviation market in 1999, implementation has fallen short.

There’s also a need for more and better infrastructure beyond capital cities, which are now generally well served with hotels and other amenities, said Olivier Baric, Africa Aviation Director at Egis, a French multinational company involved in infrastructure and transport.

Tourism experts believe domestic tourists could be enticed if operators invest in the economy and mid-scale market, develop smaller, more authentic, and greener resorts, and introduce more products aimed at middle-class African families and millennials, while marketing more directly to these groups.

Finally, there is the question—and problem—of ownership. The long-term strength and sustainability of Africa’s tourism industry will in part depend on the number of Africans building businesses and supporting and encouraging others on the continent to do so.

Despite the many challenges ahead, Azalai’s Bally says he sees the crisis as an opportunity—but one that can only be grasped through hard work and with fresh thinking:

“I am not worried, but I am perfectly aware that we have to reinvent ourselves to deal with the new situation,” he added. “Those who can reinvent themselves will survive.”

An aerial view of Zaina Lodge, a luxury safari hotel in northern Ghana. Photo: Courtesy of Zaina Lodge.

South Africa, which welcomed 10 million international tourists in 2019, made local tourism in 2020 a focus of its recovery plan . Rwanda, with advisory support from IFC, is developing a recovery strategy that includes developing local and regional markets. Meanwhile in Kenya, entry fees to all game parks and reserves have been cut for one year to attract more local tourists.

“Where we've seen some resilience is when there's domestic travel,” Wayne Godwin, senior vice-president of JLL Hotels & Hospitality Group for Sub-Saharan Africa, said at a virtual IFC event on the future of the tourism sector in Africa and the Middle-East.

Young Travellers and Free Trade

Africa’s growing middle class, its soaring population of young travellers hungry for adventure, and the recently launched African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the world’s largest free trade area by the number of participating countries, are among the pillars seen supporting the future growth of domestic and regional tourism in the continent.

“The free-trade agreement is an absolute game changer for travel,” Godwin said. “If 97 percent of commodities and goods are tariff-free, that's going to do a lot for regional trade. And when there's regional trade, travel will follow. It just will happen.”

With its abundant wildlife and varied landscapes, Kenya is a leader in Africa in promoting local tourism.

The country’s beaches have been busy again following COVID’s initial shock, though another month-long lockdown announced for parts of the country in April 2021 frayed nerves among the country’s tourism operators.

Even before COVID-19, Kenya enjoyed a 55 percent rise in bed night occupancies by domestic tourists between 2014 to 2018, according to official data . The growth has been credited to digital campaigns, growing disposable income among Kenyans, and efforts to promote affordable alternatives to five-star resorts.

“International bookings are a higher value in terms of revenue but the domestic market is more resilient,” said Muthuri Kinyamu, cofounder of Kenyan tour operator Turnup.Travel . “Clients take multiple trips with you, and they come back.”

Kinyamu’s company has held up well during the pandemic, even adding staff. It benefited from a strong digital presence, developed new packages and partnered with low-cost airline Jambojet, a unit of Kenya Airways, to create content to reassure travelers and boost domestic bookings, Kinyamu said.

“Of course, our growth trajectory has been hampered by COVID-19 but when we look at our 2020 numbers, the revenues have evened out,” Kinyamu said. “With the restrictions, we had to adapt but we never had to lay off our staff as our business has diverse sources of incomes.”

Across the continent in West Africa, Zaina Lodge , a luxury safari hotel in Ghana, enjoyed its second-best month ever in December 2020—thanks to the power of domestic tourism.

“We established ourselves as a local brand from day one,” said company cofounder Andy Murphy. “The long-term growth in the continent is going to have to come from domestic tourism. If you're a business in tourism in Africa, you need to seriously think about how you build a domestic client base to match or even exceed your international base,” he said.

Published in May 2021

UN Tourism | Bringing the world closer

The 67th meeting of the un tourism regional commission, un tourism regional forum on gastronomy tourism for africa.

Forum       Youth Photo Contest

Agenda For Africa - Tourism for inclusive growth

A tour of african gastronomy, #myafrica – sharing stories about your africa, un tourism youth photo contest "a journey through zimbabwe's gastronomy", first un tourism regional forum on gastronomy tourism for africa, regional webinar for africa | invest in women: accelerate progress, the 67th meeting of the un tourism regional commission for africa and 2nd un tourism regional conference on brand africa under the theme: "promoting africa to unlock tourism investments and the sector’s growth potential", latest news, seychelles draft tourism, seychelles tourism department charts a path to su..., when tourism meets handicrafts in madagascar, 1st tourism working group meeting (online) – g20 ..., africa news issue 23, africa news issue 22, africa news | volume 21. may 2022, africa news | volume 20. nov 2021.

World Bank Approves $68 Million to Support Diversification of Tourism in The Gambia

WASHINGTON, June 13 , 2022 –  The World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors approved on June 9, a $68 million grant from the International Development Association (IDA)* to support the diversification and climate resilience of the tourism sector in The Gambia.

The Tourism Diversification and Resilience in The Gambia project aims to assist the country by strengthening the institutional and policy framework, improve capabilities and access to funds for tourism related Micro Small Medium Enterprises (MSME) suppliers, and enhance the attractiveness of selected existing but underdeveloped destinations. The project will also strengthen the sustainability of the coastal areas.

“The Gambia’s tourism sector is a key contributor to GDP and employment generation, but it is prone to both, endogenous and exogenous risks that limit the sector’s potential for inclusive and resilient growth ,” said Feyi Boroffice, World Bank Resident Representative for The Gambia.

The five-year project will take a targeted approach to integrate gender and climate actions across components and leverage significant global knowledge and experience in tourism recovery, particularly related to building back better in post COVID-19 situations.

The project goal would be achieved through the following main interventions:

1.     Policy framework and MSME participation which aims to address selected/identified key bottlenecks in the tourism ecosystem in The Gambia, to ensure the sector realizes its potential as a source of sustainable and inclusive growth. The activities under this will focus on: (a) strengthening capacity for collecting relevant tourism data to inform policy decision-making; (b) enhancing marketing to promote recovery and diversification beyond traditional source markets and segments; and (c) promoting the diversification of the destination and products beyond ‘sun and sea’. (d) promoting tourism MSMEs’ sustainable integration into value chains with established end markets

2.     Infrastructure support for the diversification and resilience of the tourism sector.  This component will focus on strengthening and upgrading infrastructure to better preserve existing assets by being more resilient to the impacts of hazards and climate change as well as enhance the attractiveness of tourism sites and promote economic development.

“ The project takes a holistic approach to tourism development by focusing on tourism infrastructure, enablers, attractors and promoters to support the tourism ecosystem, provide opportunities for women and build climate resilience,” said Rafael Pardo, Financial Sector Specialist and Project Task Team Leader

* The World Bank’s International Development Association (IDA), established in 1960, helps the world’s poorest countries by providing grants and low to zero-interest loans for projects and programs that boost economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve poor people’s lives. IDA is one of the largest sources of assistance for the world’s 74 poorest countries, 39 of which are in Africa. Resources from IDA bring positive change to the 1.3 billion people who live in IDA countries. Since 1960, IDA has provided $458 billion to 114 countries. Annual commitments have averaged about $29 billion over the last three years (FY19-FY21), with about 70 percent going to Africa.

This site uses cookies to optimize functionality and give you the best possible experience. If you continue to navigate this website beyond this page, cookies will be placed on your browser. To learn more about cookies, click here .

Biodiversity Conservation and Tourism Sustainability in Africa

• First Online: 18 April 2023

Cite this chapter

• Bukola Omotomilola Adetola 4  

Part of the book series: Sustainable Development and Biodiversity ((SDEB,volume 32))

309 Accesses

1 Citations

3 Altmetric

The long-term viability of the tourism industry and the preservation of its principal attraction (nature) are inextricably linked. Biodiversity conservation is a fundamental obligation of all economic sectors and a unique paradigm in the tourist sector that makes tourism more biodiversity-friendly. Assets of biodiversity are powerful forces shaping tourism’s essence, including the human drive to see and experience the pristine ecological settings. Moreover, Africa boasts of rich diversity, and in this continent, biodiversity endowment offers opportunities for economic, social, and ecological development. Whether scuba diving on coral reefs or watching wildlife, most tourists enjoy the natural beauty (animals and vegetation) that surrounds them. However, the high rates of tourist expansion must be balanced against the problems that come with it, such as massive volumes of traffic, trash, a huge area of land and resource consumption associated with travel, and impacts on fragile ecosystems among others. The tourism sector appears to place a long-term emphasis on environmental conservation and protection because of the importance and uniqueness of the environmental quality and biodiversity for tourism, and they encourage and support sustainable tourism operations. Responsible tourism benefits indigenous communities and residents by improving their standard of living while also preserving culture and biodiversity.

Ecotourism, a sustainable tourism strategy, is an interface of conservation concerns and tourism interest, a synergy that jointly preserves the environment’s quality while protecting nature and promoting tourism. Consequently, Africa’s response to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) will be ineffective unless its biodiversity is conserved and used sustainably.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

• Available as PDF
• Read on any device
• Instant download
• Own it forever
• Available as EPUB and PDF
• Compact, lightweight edition
• Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
• Free shipping worldwide - see info
• Durable hardcover edition

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Adetola BO, Adetoro OA (2014) Threats to biodiversity conservation in Cross River National Park. Nigeria Int J Conserv Sci 5(4):547–552

Google Scholar  

Adetola BO, Akinboboye TS (2020) Visitors’ connection with ex-situ conservation in zoos: catalyst for visitation intention to in-situ ecotourism destinations. Journal of Tourism Res 25:5–29

Adetola BO, Alarape AA, Ayodele IA (2021) Forest resources as ecotourism attraction: Cross River National Park, Nigeria. Ruhuna J Sci 12(1):26–39

Article   Google Scholar  

AfDB-African Development Bank (2015) African natural resources Center (ANRC) strategy (2015–2020). Revised Version. ANRC Department

Airey D, Chong K (2011) Tourism in China: policy and development since 1949. Routledge, Oxford

Book   Google Scholar  

Association of Bhutanese Tour Operators (2010) UNWTO Tourism Vision 2020 Forecast Released. http://www.abto.org.bt/2010/06/unwto-tourism-2020-vision-forecast-released/

Aswani S, Albert S, Love M (2017) One size does not fit all: critical insights for effective community based resource management in Melanesia. Mar Policy 81:381–391

Atanga RA (2019) Stakeholder views on sustainable community-based ecotourism: a case of the Paga crocodile ponds in Ghana. GeoJ Tourism Geosites 25(2):321–333

Basupi B, Pansiri J, Lenao M (2017) Botswana tourism policy landscape–successes and challenges. Botswana J Business 10(1):83–96

BirdLife International Press Release (2008) Avitourism ‘Takes off’ in South Africa (Online). http://www.birdlife.org/news/news/2008/04/SA_Birding_Routes.html . Accessed 09 April 2008

Blanc JJ, Barnes FW, Craig GC, Dublin HT, Thouless CR, Douglas-Hamilton I, Hart JA (2007) African elephant status report 2007: an update from the African elephant database. IUCN, gland, Switzerland: occasional paper series of the IUCN species survival commission, no. 33. IUCN/SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. http://www.africanelephant.org/aed/aesr2007.html

Borokini TI (2014) A systematic compilation of endemic flora in Nigeria for conservation management. J Threatened Taxa 6(11):6406–6426

Bramwell B (2010) Participative planning and governance for sustainable tourism. Tour Recreat Res 35(3):239–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2010.11081640

Buckley R (2004) Environmental impacts of ecotourism: impacts of ecotourism on bird. Ecotourism series no 2. CAB international. 416 pp

Ceballos-Lascurain H (1990) Tourism, ecotourism, and protected areas. Paper presented at the 34th working session of the Commission of National Parks and Protected Areas, Perth, Australia

Chen LL, Devereux J (1999) Tourism welfare in sub-Saharan Africa: a theoretical analysis. J Afr Econ 8(2):209–227

Christie IT, Crompton DE (2001) “Tourism in Africa”, Africa region working paper series no. 12. The World Bank, Washington DC

Drumm A, Moore A (2002) Ecotourism development: an introduction to ecotourism planning Vol.1. The Nature Conservancy, USA. 85 pp

Dye TR (2008) Understanding public policy, 12th edn. Pearson/Prentice Hall. 354pp

Eilat AT, Einav L (2003) The determinants of international tourism: a three-dimensional panel data analysis. Unpublished Working Paper

Fennel D (2008) Ecotourism. TJ International Ltd, Cornwall

First National Biodiversity Report (2001) Ministry of Home Affairs Housing and Environment, First National Report to the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/mv/mv-nr-01-en.pdf

Forestry Management Evaluation and Coordinating Unit (FORMECU), (1996) Nigerian forestry action programme volume II: Main report Federal Ministry of agriculture and natural resources. Abuja

GHK Consulting Ltd., GFA-Race Partners Ltd. (2004) Revealing the value of the natural environment in England, a report to the Department for Environment. Food and Rural Affairs, London

Gössling S, Hall C, Weaver D (2009) Sustainable tourism futures; perspectives on systems, restructuring, and innovations. Routledge, New York; Oxon

Hall CM (2008) Tourism planning: policies, processes, and relationships. Pearson Education, London

Hottola P (2009) Tourism strategies and local responses in southern Africa. CABI, Wallingford

Houston, JR (1996). ‘International Tourism and US Beaches’, Shore and Beach (1996), quoted in 1998 Year of the Ocean-Coastal Tourism and Recreation (Online). http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/yoto/meeting/tour_rec_316.html

Huybers T, Bennett J (2002) Environmental management and the competitiveness of nature-based tourism destinations. Edward Edgar Publishing. 192 pp

IUCN (1997) Ecotourism. In: Beyond fences: seeking social sustainability in conservation. IUCN, Gland. Pp 22

Kameri-Mbote P, Cullet P (2002) Biological diversity management in Africa: policy perspectives. Rev Eur Community Int Environ Law 11(1):38–52

Kato K (2018) Debating sustainability in tourism development: resilience, traditional knowledge, and community: a post-disaster perspective. Tourism Planning Dev 15(1):55–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2017.1312508

Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (2017) Statistical abstract 2017. Accessed 27 January 2018

Kenya Tourism Board (2016) Sustainable tourism report. Available at https://magicalkenya.com/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/Final-KTB-Sustainable-Tourism-Brochure-2016-1.pdf

Kenya Travel Tips (2018) Tourism in Kenya. Available at https://www.kenyatraveltips.com/tourism-in-kenya/

Kester IGC (2003) International tourism in Africa. Tour Econ 9(2):203–221

Kossomann CM, Behgel J, Bailey M (2016) Action and inertia in collaborative governance. Mar Policy 72:21–30

Kraft ME, Furlong SR (2015) Public policy: politics, analysis, and alternatives, 2nd edn. CQ Press, Sage. 459 pp

Kutay, K (1989) Ecotourism: travel’s new wave. Vis a Vis, July, 4–80

Manwa H, Modirapula T (2019) The role of Botsalano game reserve in sustainable livelihoods and poverty alleviation through community-based tourism development in South Africa. African Renaissance 16(1):315–333

Melita AW, Mendlinger S (2013) The impact of tourism revenue on the local communities’ livelihood: a case study of Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania. J Serv Sci Manag 6:117–126

Miller GA, Twining-Ward L (2005) Monitoring for a sustainable tourism transition. The challenge of developing and using indicators. CABI Publishing. 59 p. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990514.0000

Moswete N, Thapa B, Child B (2012) Attitudes and opinions of locals and national public sector stakeholders towards Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Botswana. Int J Sustain Dev World Ecol 19(1):67–80

Paterson AR (2009) Legal framework for protected areas: South Africa. IUCN SANParks, Gland, p 2016

Qian C, Sasaki N, Shivakoti G, Zhang Y (2016) Effective governance in tourism development – an analysis of local perception in the Huangshan mountain area. Tour Manag Perspect 20:112–123

Rinfret S, Scheberie D, Pautz M (2018) Chapter 2: the policy process and policy theories. In Public policy: a concise introduction. SAGE Publications, pp 19–44

Roy AKD (2016) Local community attitudes towards mangrove forest conservation: lessons from Bangladesh. Mar Policy 74:186–194

Sabuhoro E, Wright BA, Munanura I, Nyakabwa IN (2017) The potential of ecotourism opportunities to generate support for gorilla conservation amongst local communities Neighboring volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. J Ecotour:1–17

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2007) Managing tourism and biodiversity , User’s manual on the CBD guidelines on biodiversity and tourism development , Secretariat of the CBD, Montreal, 12 pp

Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2008) The value of nature: ecological, economic, cultural and social benefits of protected areas, secretariat of the CBD, Montreal

Shibru T, Martha G (1998) Biodiversity management in Ethiopia. In: Mugabe J, Clark N (eds) Managing biodiversity—National Systems of conservation and innovation in Africa. ACTS Press, Nairobi

South African National Parks Annual Report (2015). http://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2015.pdf . Accessed 30 Jan 2022

Steck B (2004) Sustainable tourism as a development option practical guide for developers and decision makers, Eschborn. 63 pp

Stéphane DB (1995). ‘La convention de Paris de 1994 sur la désertification’, in Stratégies énergétiques Biosphère & Société - Le droit international face à l’éthique et à la politique de l’environnement 143-150

Steyn JN, Spencer JP (2011) South African tourism: an historic Evaluation of macro tourism policies. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreation Dance 17(2):178–200

Tapper R, Cochrane J (2005) Forging links between protected areas and the tourism sector: how tourism can benefit conservation. UNEP report. https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/8765

The International Ecotourism Society (TIES) (1990) What is ecotourism. https://www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism . Accessed Aug 2014

TIES (2008) The components of successful ecotourism. The International Ecotourism Society (TIES). Retrieved from https://www.scirp.org/(S(czeh2tfqyw2orz553k1w0r45))/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2533924

Tinker C (1995) A “new breed” of treaty: the United Nations convention on biological diversity. Pace Environ Law Rev 13(1):191–218. https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol13/iss1/8

Tourism Australia (2009) Activities factsheet—year ending June 2009 (Online). http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/tra/snapshots/sheets/Pages/default.aspx . Accessed 7 Sep 2010

UNEP (2010) State of biodiversity in Africa. http://www.unep.org/delc/Portals/119/State%20of%20biodiversity%20in%20Africa.pdf . Accessed 16 Dec 2015

UNESCO. (2004) Cape floral region protected areas. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1007/ . Accessed 25 Oct 2019

United Nations Statistics Division (2010) Tourism as an internationally traded service and beyond. Newsletter of the Interagency Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services. No. 6, December 2010, p. 1. Retrieved from http://unstats.un.org/unsd/tradeserv/tfsits/newsletter/TFSITS_newsletter_6.pdf

US Agency for International Development (USAID) Centre for Applied Research (2016). Review of community-based natural resource management in Botswana. Report prepared for Southern African Environmental Programme (SAREP)

US Fish and Wildlife Service (2007) National Survey of fishing, hunting and wildlife-associated recreation 2006 , Washington

Van der Merwe P, Saayman M (2003) Determining the economic value of game farm tourism. Koedoe 46(2):103–112

World Resources Institute (2004) Reefs at risk in the Caribbean. WRI, Washington. https://www.wri.org/research/reefs-risk-caribbean

World Tourism Organization Barometer (2015). https://tourlib.net/wto/UNWTO_Barometer_2015_01.pdf

World Tourism Organization UNWTO (2015a) Exports from International Tourism Rise 4% in 2015. http://media.unwto.org/press-release/2016-05-03/exports-international-tourism-rise-4-2015

World Tourism Organization UNWTO (2015b) Why tourism? http://www2.unwto.org/content/why-tourism

WTTC (2013) Travel and tourism. Economic impact 2013. World Travel and Tourism Council, London

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Department of Ecotourism and Wildlife Management, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

Bukola Omotomilola Adetola

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bukola Omotomilola Adetola .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Department of Microbiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Sylvester Chibueze Izah

Goodnight Family Department of Sustainable Development, Living Learning Center, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC, USA

Matthew Chidozie Ogwu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Adetola, B.O. (2023). Biodiversity Conservation and Tourism Sustainability in Africa. In: Izah, S.C., Ogwu, M.C. (eds) Sustainable Utilization and Conservation of Africa’s Biological Resources and Environment. Sustainable Development and Biodiversity, vol 32. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_2

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6974-4_2

Published : 18 April 2023

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-19-6973-7

Online ISBN : 978-981-19-6974-4

eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Publish with us

Policies and ethics

• Find a journal
• Track your research