mulan trip

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Honoring a global story: a guide to the making of disney’s mulan.

Exciting news, readers! Disney’s Mulan is just a couple weeks away, and the anticipation is building! Before the film arrives in theaters on March 27, we’re sharing more details from our incredible visit to the set.

Mulan's Trip

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Mulan: Hello I’m Mulan And I recently took a very interesting trip It made me think of a game we could play So let’s all stand in a circle Each one holding a little something you were given at the party As I tell you about my trip When you hear the word “left” Pass that little something to the person on your left And when you hear the word “right” Pass that little something to the person on your right It’s a fun story and I think it will make for a very fun game Are you ready? Here we go I took a trip to see a friend The road was long and it would bend I couldn’t even see the end cause it went left Then it went right Along the way I saw a man The duck he held jumped off his hand It was a sight I hadn’t planned And it went left Then it went right I made a laugh and I was right Where I should be Right by the tree My friend had said that I would see The branches grew so very high Through left and right up to the sky Through right up to where blue birds fly The sun was right up there so high It left me blinking my right eye It left me thinking I might cry Right then and there all lucky me It left a shadow of the tree The tree my friend said I would see Was right where she said it would be Right on the left And she was right About the left But it was hot I left my gift under the tree The shadow right there over me I sat “right now so happily” And I looked left Then I looked right I left my gift right at the spot I left so fast I still felt hot So I just left it and forgot It sat right there right where I said And when I left well that was that And when I left I went right back To find the road I asked “thats it?” Oh but it’s split Which way to go? I just don’t know It’s almost night The left or right? Would I be left right here all day? Which one was right? What’s left to say? If I go left I may be right If I go right I may be left Right here all night Without a light Left on the road, that isn’t right I took the left And walked right on I hope I’m right The sun is gone The road left me Right by the sea Good luck to me! Looked right along the water Where she left a message I would see A bridge just left of some big tree And it was right where it should be “And right across the bridge” she said The village square was right ahead Across the bridge, right there it was I heard some noise of busy birds Saw people rushing left and right Into a house left lit so bright I left the road and went right in Right then the party did begin The night before till very long The greatest princess birthday song My friend just glowed right there with joy Then I thought “oh I left the toy” Oh no I left my gift right by the tree Right where I sat It still must be I could have left and gone right back That would be right but look the snack! Hm! I felt as hungry as I’ve been The food was here the gift was there And right my line was left to choose I heard “let’s dance” Take off your shoes The birthday dance was to begin I left the gift and joined right in Who can resist a chance to spin? The gift I left I can replace But right now we’re found left this place I’d miss the party of the year And it was right that I was here So I walked right Onto the floor It’s what I made the whole trip for

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June 19, 1998

Action-Adventure, Animation, Family, Musical

Clever Mulan disguises herself as a male soldier named "Ping" to bravely take her father's place in the Imperial Army. Helped by her outrageously funny guardian dragon Mushu and a lucky cricket named Cri-Kee, Mulan fights for the respect of her fellow warriors and their courageous Captain Shang, for her family's honor, and for the fate of all of China.

Rated: G Runtime: 1h 27min Release Date: June 19, 1998

Directed By

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 Feature Films

Clever Mulan proves her worth outside of her tradition-bound society when, disguised as male soldier "Ping," she bravely takes her father's place in China's Imperial Army. Helped by her outrageously funny guardian dragon Mushu and a lucky cricket named Cri-Kee, Mulan strives to earn the respect of her fellow warriors and their courageous Captain Shang. Mulan's adventures lead to a climactic battle atop the Imperial Palace, where her family's honor and the fate of the Emperor and all of China rests in her hands.

Barry Cook, Tony Bancroft

• Official Disney Princess
• Not-an-Actual Princess
• Mulan Characters
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"Maybe I didn't go for my father. Maybe what I really wanted was to prove I could do things right, so when I looked in the mirror, I'd see someone worthwhile. But I was wrong. I see nothing."

Mulan ( 花木蘭 ) is the protagonist of Disney's 1998 animated feature film of the same name . Mulan is the eighth official Disney Princess and first heroine in the line-up who is not actually royalty through either birth or marriage. She is the last Disney Princess to be developed during the Disney Renaissance.

• 1.1 Appearance
• 1.2 Personality
• 2.2 Mulan II
• 3.1 Sofia the First
• 3.2 House of Mouse
• 3.3 Mulan: Rise of the Warrior
• 3.4 Kingdom Keepers
• 3.5 Mulan (2020)

Mulan is a 16-year-old girl with dark brown eyes and straight, black long hair, however, its length changes. At the beginning of the original film, her hair was long, which went down to her waist. Later in the film, when she leaves to join the army; she cuts her hair with her father's sword, and ties it up in a bun, which helps her blend into the army, so that the other soldiers don't know that she's really a woman. In the 2nd film, her hair was grown, not to its original length, but it's noticeably longer than before. In promotional works, her hair is always shown as its original length, down to the waist.

During the two films, Mulan wore a range of outfits, from beautiful Hanfus (Chinese dresses) to her soldier's get up, though her most notable outfits come from the original film; in which her promotional dress comes from, which is a simple Hanfu, which consisted of either a creamy green-yellow dress, with blue overshirt, which has green sleeves and a red band around her waist. She also sports kung-fu styled soldier outfit, as well as her pink matchmaker's Hanfu and her father's armor.

Besides when she goes to the matchmaker, Mulan does not wear any makeup or anything to beautify her appearance and does not use her beauty to her advantage. Most likely not even caring about looks in that way (though nature to her is beautiful). She is often said to have had her crush on Shang for his strength and love him for his personality and sort of had a breakup. It is to be noted that Li Shang also never comments on any part of Mulan's looks or has that moment with "the girl steps into the light and angels sing." Also, it is to be noted, that they never actually say that they love each other directly to the other.

When she sleeps, she wears a light blue tank top, short blue shorts, and is barefoot. She wears a dress consisting of a green long-sleeved shirt with olive brims and both yellow skirt and inside shirt with a low cut neckline, blue wrap, red waistband, black ballet flats, but also has been seen barefoot as well. To impress the matchmaker, she had her face painted in white, red lips, black hair tied in a loose bun with a red hair ribbon, narrow crimson and pale pink Chinese skirt, pink jacket with long, flowing sleeves, aqua and plum collar, blue wrap with a red ribbon to fasten it, lavender scarf, same color shoes, jade green bead necklace, gold dangling earrings, and a special lotus flower hair pick. When she was disguised as "Ping," she has black hair tied to a bun with a teal ribbon to look like a man (when cuts her long, beautiful hair with her father's sword), and green soldier armor. In the Karate sequence, she had a Cream karate suit. In the Shan Yu battle, she wore a teal dress consisting of a poet-sleeved blouse, long olive vest with a crimson collar, crimson belt, light pink sash, same color shoes.

Personality

Mulan, aberrated, and unlike most previous female roles, is courageous and more self-reliant. She also does not fit in with the expectations of a young Chinese girl of the time; despite her natural beauty, she is clumsy, outspoken, and independent rather than graceful, obedient, silent, and demure. This is why her meeting with the matchmaker ended in chaos, that and help from a certain lucky cricket, and why the matchmaker claimed that even though she has the looks of a bride, it will never work because all she will do is dishonor her parents and her future husband. However, her courage, intelligence, and determination helped her through her adventures of defeating the Hun Army. She is also kind and warm-hearted despite her clumsiness.

Mulan is also intelligent and resourceful as she was able to quickly think of using the last rocket to cause an avalanche on the entire Hun army and lure Shan-Yu into Mushu's firing range. Her intellect is also proven by her skills in strategy during the Hun invasion.

Disney History

Mulan is the only child of Fa Zhou, a former war veteran, and Fa Li. Mulan is forced to go to the town Matchmaker to find her a husband, which ends in humiliating failure. Shortly after, the Chinese Emperor's counselor, Chi-Fu, arrives in her village to announce that the deadly Huns, led by Shan Yu, have invaded China and that one man in every family must serve in the war. Despite her protests, her father says that he will go in spite of his old age and old war wounds. Mulan decides to go in his place posing as a man, cutting her long hair with a sword, stealing her father's armor and riding away on her horse, Khan, so she will keep him from risking his life.

On her way to the army camp, Mulan meets Mushu, a small dragon who claims to be a guardian sent by her ancestors. He agrees to help her pass as a soldier. Though Mulan fails the army training at first, she uses her intelligence and becomes the first soldier to solve a puzzle set by Li Shang, her unit's commanding officer.

Afterward, she rapidly progresses to become one of the best soldiers in the unit. She also makes friends in Yao, Ling, and Chien Po, three fellow soldiers, though she is forced to hide her gender. Through the machinations of Mushu, the soldiers are called to the war front.

After finding that the Chinese Army, led by Shang's father General Li, has been completely destroyed by the Huns, Shang leads Mulan and the other soldiers to stop them. Despite the unit being outnumbered, Mulan is able to defeat the Huns by crushing them in an avalanche by way of a rocket. She sustains an injury from Shan-Yu, which results in her true gender is revealed. She is spared death, the punishment for a woman joining the army, as Shang's way of repaying the debt from Mulan rescuing him during the previous battle.

Mulan is left behind by the army and prepares to return home. However, she discovers that Shan-Yu and his five generals have survived and are heading towards the Imperial City. Mulan attempts to warn Shang, but she is ignored because she is a woman. However, when Shan Yu captures the Emperor, Shang, Yao, Ling, and Chien Po join her in a rescue attempt. Mulan disguises herself, Yao, Ling, and Chien Po as concubines and takes out the Hun guards, allowing Shang to reach Shan Yu and the emperor. Yao, Ling, and Chein Po escape with the Emperor, but Mulan remains behind after Shang is knocked unconscious by Shan Yu.

She reveals herself as the soldier who took down the Huns, which angers Shan Yu. While running from Shan Yu, she comes up with a plan to kill him by means of fireworks. While Mushu goes to get the fireworks, Mulan faces Shan Yu on the roof of the Emperor's palace. She disarms him with a paper fan and uses his sword to pin him to the roof, allowing Mushu to fire fireworks at Shan Yu, presumably killing him. Mulan is oppressed by Chi Fu for the final time when he arrogantly says that as a woman, she is unworthy of being called a hero and being worth anything.

Mulan is then confronted by the Emperor with her various crimes, having heard about them from Chi Fu. At the same time, he acknowledges that she saved all of China and bows to her out of respect. His gesture results in all the gathered people bowing as well. The Emperor first offers Mulan a council position then a job as consul, both of which Mulan refuses. The Emperor instead gifts her with his personal crest and Shan Yu's sword. Mulan returns home and is able to reconcile with her father. The end of the film shows Mulan inviting Shang, who had followed Mulan under the guise of returning her helmet, to dinner.

The beginning of the sequel shows Shang, now a General, proposing to Mulan, and they begin preparing for marriage. However, the Emperor tasks them both with escorting his three daughters to the neighboring kingdom of Qui Gong in an attempt to form an alliance. Should the alliance fail, the Mongols would invade China just like the Huns did. Mulan and Shang ask Yao, Ling, and Chien Po to accompany them. Shang and Mulan's relationship becomes somewhat strained during the trip, as the couple has differing views on various issues, particularly on the subject of the arranged marriages the princesses are being forced into. Meanwhile, Mushu is informed that if Mulan marries Shang, he would cease to be a guardian, instead of being returned to his former job of Gong Ringer. Mushu takes advantage of Mulan and Shang's differences and tries to break them up. However, Mulan soon discovers Mushu's plans and tries to reconcile with Shang.

Before she can talk to Shang, bandits attack the group. Shang and Mulan are able to save the princesses but are left hanging from a broken bridge. Shang chooses to sacrifice himself, as the bridge can only support one. Mulan and the princesses continue towards Qui Gong. Seeing that the princesses have fallen in love with Yao, Ling, and Chien Po, and believing that Shang is dead, Mulan prepares to offer herself as a bride in their places. However, Shang is revealed to have survived his fall and travels to stop her. Mushu is able to fix things by masquerading as the Golden Dragon of Unity and forces the King to stop the wedding. The princesses are released from their vows and Shang and Mulan are married.

At the end of the film, it is revealed that Mulan has told Shang about Mushu and that Shang has combined the family temples, allowing Mushu to remain a guardian.

Other History

Sofia the first.

Mulan made a guest appearance in the Sofia the First episode "Princesses to the Rescue!."

While singing a song called "Stronger Than You Know," she teaches Sofia, Amber, and Jun that they are stronger than they know by showing them how to cross over the moving warrior statues with vines and tells them to go on to save their beloved fathers and brothers without her. Just like Ariel in "The Floating Palace," she does not appear in her redesign outfit. Instead, she wears her much shorter shoulder-length hair, her battle armor along with her helmet, and a new golden sword.

House of Mouse

Mulan makes cameos in the House of Mouse television series and the direct-to-video release Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse.

In "Ask Von Drake", Mulan was seen with Mushu and Cri-Kee during the headcount of all the Disney character guests.

In "Salute to Sports", Mulan briefly appeared on stage with Donald to give a martial arts demonstration.

Mulan: Rise of the Warrior

Kingdom keepers.

Mulan saved Finn and Charlene from Shan Yu and helped them escape Epcot. She uses a bow although in the movies she uses a sword.

Mulan (2020)

• Honor to Us All
• Lesson Number One
• I'll Make A Man Out Of You
• Stronger Than You Know (She sings this song to help Sofia the First)

• She is inspired by the legendary Hua Mulan from the Chinese poem The Ballad of Mulan .
• She is one of the two princesses to have her singing voice done by Lea Salonga. The other being Jasmine .
• She is the last princess to be introduced in the 20th century.

• 1 List of Disney Princesses
• 2 List of Disney Princes

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From Moana To Mulan: Incredible Places That Inspired Disney

Posted: June 5, 2023 | Last updated: November 9, 2023

Stars of the screen

Hell’s Gate National Park, Kenya: The Lion King

The sweeping savannahs and majestic escarpments of Kenya were central to the animators' vision for  The Lion King . They visited the Great Rift Valley and Hell’s Gate National Park in their research. There are numerous contenders for Pride Rock, with lofty rocks such as Fischer’s Tower dotting the park’s geothermal landscape. Sightings of cast members like baboons, hyenas and warthogs are common, although lions are not. Big cats are rarely seen here, but zebras and antelopes are in abundance.

Samoa: Moana

Wishing to create a culturally sensitive story inspired by the Polynesian demi-god Maui – who is said to have created the Pacific Islands by fishing them out of the sea – Disney visited Samoa, Tahiti, Mo’orea and Fiji during their research for movie  Moana . They assembled a group of experts from the islands to avoid cultural insensitivity ( albeit not to complete success ). While inspired by the many Pacific cultures and landscapes they saw, the look of Moana's home, Motunui, is widely considered to be closest to Samoa, the Pacific nation that is made up of nine lush volcanic islands.

Sydney Harbour, New South Wales, Australia: Finding Nemo

Queensland’s Great Barrier Reef is where Nemo’s misadventures begin in Finding Nemo , but it’s Sydney where the little clownfish ends up, captured in an aquarium in a dentist’s office. Marlin and Dory are taken to 'ride' along the East Australian Current by surfer turtles and end up at Sydney Harbour, where they meet some greedy seagulls and Aussie pelican, Nigel, who helps rescue Nemo. Once you’ve admired the sights of the harbor, head to Sydney Fish Market for seafood treats. Watch out for those hungry pelicans and seagulls, though. 

Temple of Zeus, Greece: Hercules

Albeit with some digressions from the Greek legend, the 1997 Hercules animation tells the story of everyone's favorite buff demi-god. Born on Mount Olympus, Hercules travels to Phil's Island – said to be inspired by the island of Rhodes – for hero training. Other classical Greek structures seen within the film include the Temple of Zeus, whose impressive ruins are one of Athens' many treasures. 

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Formaciones de Tepuyes, Venezuela: Up

The spectacular table-top mountains of Venezuela and the world’s tallest waterfall, Angel Falls, inspired Paradise Falls in poignant Disney Pixar film  Up . The directors visited this remote nature reserve in southeastern Venezuela as part of their research for the movie. The creators spent weeks exploring and documenting the remote region in photos, sketches and paintings. 

Forbidden City, China: Mulan

Based on the Chinese legend of Hua Mulan, Disney’s 1998 animation took inspiration from Beijing’s sprawling Forbidden City for its depiction of the Emperor’s home. Constructed between 1406 and 1420, the UNESCO-protected complex is an exceptional example of Chinese palatial architecture. For five centuries, ordinary people were banned from even approaching the walls of this imperial palace, hence its "Forbidden City" nickname. It’s now a museum full of ancient art and artefacts.

Fujian Tulou, China: Mulan

The live-action remake of Mulan was largely filmed in New Zealand in 2018 but the filmmakers drew inspiration from across China for their sets. These include the desert landscapes of the northwest, the rainbow mountains of Zhangye Danxia Landform Geopark, and the doughnut-shaped fort-like houses of the Hakka people. Located in the Fujian mountains in southern China, these UNESCO World Heritage-listed structures were the model for Mulan’s home village. 

Alcázar of Segovia, Spain: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

The formidable Alcázar of Segovia was allegedly central to Walt Disney’s vision for the Evil Queen’s pointy stone castle in the 1937 film  Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Perched on a rock with a white façade, witches hat towers and deep moat, the part-Moorish, part-19th-century fortress is everything you could want from a wicked queen’s lair.

Eilean Donan Castle, Scotland, UK: Brave

The stunning lochside Eilean Donan Castle, constructed in the 13th century to protect the lands of Kintail from the Vikings, was one of a few Scottish strongholds that provided producers with the model for Castle DunBroch in Brave . The film is set in a fictional Scottish Highlands landscape during the Middle Ages. The team also visited and were inspired by Dunnottar Castle on the cliffs of Stonehaven and the Calanais Standing Stones on the Isle of Lewis. 

New Orleans, Louisiana, USA: The Princess and the Frog

Gumbo, beignets and the bayou: the food and landscapes of the Deep South almost ooze through the screen in Disney’s depiction of 1920s New Orleans in The Princess and the Frog . The plot takes Tiana – Disney’s first black heroine – on the streetcars along New Orleans’ historic St Charles Avenue, past jazz bands in the French Quarter and on the Mississippi onboard the Steamboat Natchez, while her happy ending takes place in the city's St Louis Cathedral.

Machu Picchu, Peru: The Emperor's New Groove

There’s a striking resemblance between Peru's ancient Incan citadel Machu Picchu and the setting of Disney’s The Emperor's New Groove . The film features the voices of John Goodman as llama herder, Pacha, and David Spade as Kuzco, the young Incan emperor who plans to build a lavish summer house high in the hills. With its jungle-clad peaks, steep cliffs and jaguars, Peru provided the film's producers with rich inspiration on their research trips to the Urubamba Valley near Cusco.

St Olaf's Church, Norway: Frozen

Art director of Frozen,  Michael Giaimo, travelled to Norway as part of his research for the icy tale. The country’s dramatic coastline, mountains and historic towns informed his vision for the kingdom of Arendelle, which sits on the banks of Arenfjord. Pretty stave church St Olaf's by the magical Sognefjord is one real-life location in the film, featuring as the chapel where Elsa is crowned queen. The 19th-century church didn’t just inspire the architecture, but also the name of everyone’s favorite snowman, Olaf.

Bryggen Wharf, Norway: Frozen

Another of Norway’s distinctive churches, the medieval Borgund Stave Church also influenced the architecture of the bustling kingdom of Arendelle and Elsa’s palace – as did Oslo’s Akershus Fortress and the colorful historic wharf of Bryggen in Bergen. And, of course, the magical lights that are conjured up by the Troll King are the very real aurora borealis, which shine over northern Norway in the winter months.

Taj Mahal, India: Aladdin

Agrabah's lavish Sultan’s Palace in the 1992 animation  Aladdin –  home of the Sultan, Princess Jasmine and the dastardly Jafar – was loosely inspired by India’s most famous monument, the Taj Mahal. The artists drew on the 17th-century mausoleum’s white marble façade, onion domes and minaret towers, as well as its pools and fountain. It’s not surprising that the building influenced the animators, as the Taj Mahal is considered one of the finest examples of Mughal architecture, mixing Persian, Indian and Islamic architectural styles.

The Wadi Rum Desert, Jordan: Aladdin

The live-action remake of Aladdin  from 2019, starring Mena Massoud and Will Smith, took the cast to the sweeping sand dunes, sandstone mountains and rocky caverns of Wadi Rum. In the south of Jordan on the western edge of the Arabian desert, this protected reserve is the perfect location for the retelling of the Middle Eastern folk tale.

Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, USA: The Good Dinosaur

The jagged tooth-like peaks of Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming’s Jackson Hole valley inspired the Clawtooth Mountains of The Good Dinosaur . The other spectacular landscapes that apatosaurus Arlo journeys home through were drawn from a variety of places scouted by the Pixar team in America’s northwest, including the dramatic geysers and waterfalls of Yellowstone, the ancient mesas of Wyoming’s Red Desert and the sweeping grasslands of Montana.

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Riquewihr, France: Beauty and the Beast

With its narrow streets, colorful half-timbered medieval houses and cobblestone square, Riquewihr in eastern France looks like it has leapt from the pages of a storybook. It was this pretty village, nestled among the vineyards of Alsace, that formed the model for Belle's 'poor provincial town' in the 1991 animated version of Beauty and the Beast . Ribeauvillé is another of the region’s charming medieval towns that inspired the picturesque world from the film. 

Conques, France: Beauty and the Beast

Another of France’s postcard-perfect medieval villages inspired the filmmakers for Disney’s 2017 live-action remake of the iconic fairy tale, featuring Emma Watson. This time the production designer largely modelled the bookish heroine's village, the fictional Villeneuve, on Conques after scouting out the location. With tight cobbled streets, fountains and wonky timbered houses complete with wooden shutters and windowsills festooned in flowers, this sleepy village in the south of France is everything you could want as the home of a Disney heroine.

Café de la Paix, France: The Aristocats

France’s elegant capital has provided the backdrop for many films, including Disney’s The Aristocats (1970). Its grand boulevards, back alleys and rooftops play a starring role in the feline protagonists’ escapades. Le Petit Café is thought to be based on Café de la Paix. One of Paris’ most iconic and oh-so-chic cafés, it first opened in 1862 on the Place de l’Opéra and has played host to numerous literary greats, including Victor Hugo and Ernest Hemingway.

Paris, France: Ratatouille

In Ratatouille the adventures of misunderstood gourmand rat, Remy, take him around Paris’ streets, sewers and even into the Seine. The city's competitive fine dining scene is central to the film’s plot as Remy infiltrates the kitchen of a top Parisian restaurant. The upscale, Seine-side La Tour d'Argent inspired the film’s depiction of fictional restaurant Gusteau’s, while celebrated chef Hélène Darroze, who has restaurants in Paris and London, inspired the character Colette.

The Cocora Valley, Colombia: Encanto

Producers spent two weeks touring Colombia’s highlands, jungles, cloud forests and towns for inspiration for the visually stunning landscapes that bring Encanto to life. The highland villages near the Cocora Valley, including Salento (pictured), with its colorful houses and cobbled plazas, inspired the film’s eponymous fictional town. The verdant valley is famed for its tall wax palm trees, which are the world's tallest and also feature in the film. 

Caño Cristales, Colombia: Encanto

Colombia’s stunning natural landscapes also pepper Encanto,  including the surreal Caño Cristales, or the ‘rainbow river’ in the Serrania de la Macarena; and the Choco rainforest. Home to capybaras, coatis, anteaters, jaguars, tapir, hummingbirds and toucans, this wildlife-packed forest in the country's far northwest was the inspiration for the jungle that comes alive in Antonio’s magical room.

St Paul’s Cathedral, England, UK: Mary Poppins

Although the 1964 classic was filmed on set in California, Edwardian London plays a starring role in Mary Poppins. Number 50 Smith Street in Chelsea, where the book’s author P.L Travers lived for many years, inspired the depiction of the Banks’ family home on Cherry Tree Lane in the Disney film. St Paul’s Cathedral is the setting for one of its most famous scenes and numbers – Feed the Birds. The 2018 sequel  Mary Poppins Returns  also featured many real-life London landmarks, including the Bank of England on Threadneedle Street.

Queen Mary's Rose Garden, England, UK: One Hundred and One Dalmatians

London is also the home of dalmatians Pongo and Perdita and their 'pets' Roger and Anita in One Hundred and One Dalmatians . The classic scene where the dogs’ romance blooms takes place in Queen Mary's Rose Garden, a gorgeous part of Regent's Park in London, with 12,000 different varieties of roses and a pretty ornamental lake. Nearby Primrose Hill also makes an appearance in the 1961 film when the dogs alert the Twilight Barking about their missing puppies.

Guanajuato, Mexico: Coco

Coco director Lee Unkrich and team visited museums, markets, plazas, workshops, churches, haciendas, cenotes and cemeteries throughout Mexico to create their vision for the film. The Land of the Living and the village of Santa Cecilia were inspired by Tenochtitlán, the ancient Aztec city on which Mexico City was built. The producers also took inspiration from a mixture of real-life villages and their vibrant celebrations for the Día de los Muertos festival.

Monte Albán, Mexico: Coco

The terraces, dams, canals, pyramids and tombs of ancient hilltop city Monte Albán also inspired the vision for director Lee Unkrich’s mystical realm, the Land of the Dead, where Miguel is transported. Founded around 500 BC and inhabited by the Olmecs, Zapotecs and Mixtecs, the vast complex overlooking the city of Oaxaca was carved out of a mountain and is one of the oldest archaeological sites in Mexico. 

These stunning movie locations actually exist

Cinque Terre, Italy: Luca

Disney and Pixar’s pastel-hued Portorosso, the fictional town in 2021 film Luca , was inspired by Cinque Terre in Liguria, Italy. Production designer Daniela Strijleva and Genoa-born director Enrico Casarosa took various trips to this part of Italy, where Casarosa spent childhood holidays. Monterosso is one of the five little cliffside villages that influenced the film, along with Corniglia (pictured) and Vernazza, whose piazza features in the film. 

Manhattan, New York, USA: Soul

New York is the setting for Disney Pixar’s Soul  and the home of aspiring jazz pianist, Joe Gardner, voiced by Jamie Foxx. The filmmakers visited West Village jazz clubs such as the Blue Note and Village Vanguard, late night pizza stops like Two Boots and neighborhood barbershops for inspiration for the film's non-fantasy scenes. The city’s famous subway and chaotic traffic-clogged streets also make a memorable appearance. 

Neuschwanstein Castle, Germany: Sleeping Beauty

Château de Chillon, Switzerland: Little Mermaid

Sat on a rocky isle on the banks of Lake Geneva in the shadow of the mountains, Château de Chillon has an ethereal setting and it wouldn’t seem unfeasible to see a mermaid emerging from the pretty blue waters that surround it. It was the setting of this handsome fortress that fired the imagination of the animators creating Eric’s castle in The Little Mermaid . Just near Montreux, it’s Switzerland’s most visited historic site today.

Now discover the world's most popular movie locations

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• Entertainment
• The Controversial Origins of the Story Behind <i>Mulan</i>

The Controversial Origins of the Story Behind Mulan

F eaturing intense action sequences and sweeping cinematography, the latest Mulan trailer shows the titular heroine vowing to “bring honor to us all,” leading an army of men into battle against fierce opponents. The live-action movie has faced a battle of its own: originally scheduled for cinematic release in March, Mulan was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and is now set to release on Disney’s streaming service Disney+ for $29.99, on Sept. 4, on top of a $6.99 subscription.

Initial reactions to the film after its premiere in L.A. in March were largely positive , with critics calling it Disney’s best live-action offering to date. And in an era where Hollywood is backing more Asian and Asian-American stories , Mulan is notably the first Disney-branded film to feature an all-Asian cast , with well-known Chinese and Hong Kong-born actors Liu Yifei, Jet Li and Tzi Ma in leading roles. Director Nikki Caro’s version of the traditional ballad has been celebrated as a feminist retelling , cutting out a romantic subplot from the animated film and focusing on Mulan’s character as a formidable woman warrior. Caro is also one of only four women ever to have directed a live action film with a budget of more than $100 million, with Mulan ‘s budget at more than $200 million.

Yet the film has also faced controversy since its first trailer dropped in August 2019. Liu Yifei, its principal star, voiced support for the Hong Kong police on social media during the height of last year’s pro-democracy protests in the city, prompting calls to boycott the film. At the film’s European premiere in central London in March, days before its release was postponed, masked protesters gathered outside the screening venue holding signs calling for a boycott and mocking up the film’s promotional poster as an advert for the Hong Kong police. On the film’s release in September, controversy and calls for a boycott intensified after viewers noted that the film’s credits thanked municipal authorities in Xinjiang, where detention camps and human rights abuses of Uighur Muslims have been well documented.

While campaigns to both support and boycott Mulan took off on social media, other observers were quick to point out the historical inaccuracies of the trailer, particularly in its costume design and architectural setting, which appear to be mismatched for the time period and geographical location of the original story.

The question of historical accuracy, and whether the film should strive to be completely faithful to the original legend, is not so simple to answer. Mulan is based on a tale that’s been adapted over more than a thousand years, and that has contested origins to begin with. Here, we lay out the film’s complex origins, how the story has changed over time, and what the new adaptation says about representation.

Origins of the legend

The original Mulan story is quite different from both Disney’s 1998 animated film and the new live-action movie. The earliest printed version of the story still in existence today was first featured in an anthology from the 12th century, known as the Ballad of Mulan . It’s a short poem thought to have originated as a folk tale in the fourth or fifth century because of references to the period, known as the Northern Wei dynasty, which lasted from the fourth through the early sixth centuries.

“Anything not contained in this original poem has been made up by much later authors, and cannot be historically substantiated,” says Sanping Chen, an independent scholar and author of Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages . This original version follows a simplified storyline of the tale many are familiar with (without the talking dragon introduced in the animated film, of course). In the tale, Mulan’s father is called to battle, and she volunteers to go in his place. While the original poem doesn’t describe her father as old or ailing, as later versions did, it says that there were no adult sons in the household to take his place. After 12 years of war, Mulan returns to her hometown along with her comrades, who are shocked to learn that she is a woman.

This first version ends with the quatrain :

The male hare wildly kicks its feet; The female hare has shifty eyes,

But when a pair of hares run side by side, Who can distinguish whether I in fact am male or female?

Overall, this version is about Mulan “just getting the job done,” says Shiamin Kwa, associate professor of East Asian languages and cultures and comparative literature at Bryn Mawr College and co-author of Mulan: Five Versions of a Classic Chinese Legend . This version emphasizes the aspects of gender, such as starting by Mulan doing weaving work, which was traditionally a task for women—a facet of the story that would evolve in later iterations.

The character’s ethnic origins

The Northern Wei dynasty was established by a formerly nomadic group named the Tuoba, a clan of the Xianbei people, who came from northern China and likely spoke either a Turkic or proto-Mongolian language, rather than a native Chinese dialect. The Tuoba conquest of northern China was of huge historical significance, akin to the Norman Conquest of England, says Chen. “The emperor is an important person in [The Ballad of Mulan] , but he’s not called by his Chinese name,” says Chen. Rather than the Chinese title of huangdi , the emperor is referred to as “Khan,” “Kehan” or “Kaghan,” depending on the translation—a title used to refer to Genghis Khan and other Mongol leaders. Chen also says that the title of the poem and the fact that it is named for the female character reflects the respected status that women held in these nomadic societies.

While the social and cultural milieu of the Northern Wei dynasty provided the context for the tale’s origins, there’s no corroborative evidence to confirm that Mulan was ever a real person. Over time, the story and character’s nomadic and tribal origins have significantly changed from the original. Mulan has been depicted as Han Chinese in adaptations over the last century, and this process of “sinification,” or coming under the influence of Han Chinese culture, of the story goes as far back as the Tang dynasty, which spanned from the 7th to the 10th centuries. While the name Mulan translates to “magnolia” in Chinese, Chen’s research traces the name’s roots back to its Touba origins, and suggests that it’s actually a masculine name. “Otherwise, how could Mulan have hidden her true gender for twelve years in the army?” says Chen. “To the educated Chinese gentry, the meaning of ‘Mulan’ is utterly different. One may say the true meaning of the name Mulan is a forgotten legacy of the Tuoba.”

How the story has changed and endured over time

As well as the changing interpretations of Mulan’s ethnicity over the centuries, the narrative has also changed over time. For around a thousand years, the story more or less stayed the same, a simple, easy-to-understand folk poem popular with the Chinese people. The first known adaptation was in the 16th century, by playwright Xu Wei. The Heroine Mulan Goes to War in Her Father’s Place dramatized several aspects of the original poem. It emphasized footbinding, which is not mentioned in the original, as the custom was not widely practiced during the Northern Wei dynasty. “But in the 16th century, that was the major marker of how a woman was different from a man,” says Kwa. “The 16th century play would emphasize that aspect in a way that the original poem would not, and the play transported the setting to the time that seemed relevant.”

The character was later included in a popular 17th-century novel about the Sui and early Tang dynasties, which was a marked departure from the poem. Here, Mulan commits suicide rather than live under a foreign ruler, meeting a tragic end. This emphasis on the ethnic portrayal of the character also came to the fore in portrayals of Mulan during China’s Republican period. Driven by China’s active moving picture industry and a growing nationalism, several film adaptations of the story were produced in the 1920s and ’30s, the most successful being 1939’s Mulan Joins the Army, made during the Japanese occupation of China. This version played on gender as well as ideas of national identity against a complicated political backdrop, and some have argued that the renewed interest it sparked in the Mulan story was partly due to its nationalistic overtones and critique of the occupation. “In addition to these funny scenes where Mulan is now dressing up in her guise as a male soldier, there’s also a lot of playing on this idea of not just telling apart male from female, but telling apart a ‘barbarian’ from a Chinese person,” says Kwa. “That becomes just as important or maybe parallel to the question of other people not being able to tell that she’s a girl.”

Kwa says that looking back over how the character has evolved over the centuries is interesting in the context of today’s idea of what makes China ‘China,’ and the idea of a patriotic heroine who is fighting against invading outsiders. At different points in time, the story’s emphasis on a sense of belonging shifted, encompassing both themes of women’s liberation and feminism and divisions along more overt ethnic identifications. “[These adaptations] speak on a specific level at specific times to different needs from different audiences,” she says, adding that the fundamental appeal of the tale speaks to a universal desire to be recognized for who we are, and also an understanding that we can’t always control how others see us.

Representation and adaptation in the 2020 version

Looking back at the original Mulan legend helps explain the criticism over certain stylistic choices in the film, such as the costume and the architecture. Some argue that adaptations of lots of different historical stories change over time and aren’t always accurate. “I feel like we are surrounded by adaptations of all kinds. Do we get angry at Joyce’s Ulysses for not being the accurate historical representation of Homer’s Odyssey ?” asks Kwa.

At the film’s world premiere in March (its general release was postponed soon thereafter due to COVID-19), Mulan ‘s costume designer Bina Diageler told Variety that the Tang dynasty was the inspiration for the film’s costumes, adding that the research included trips to European museums with Chinese departments and a three-week visit to China. Her comments immediately sparked backlash on social media and beyond , with some highlighting the role of costume designer in particular as a missed opportunity to hire someone who is more of an expert on the culture to accurately reflect the story’s origins. Others highlighted the architecture of Mulan’s home in the movie, which appeared to be a tǔlóu — a structure used as a communal residence by Hakka people in southern China and built from the 13th to the 20th centuries, which does not align with the historical and geographical setting of the original folk tale.

Disney hired: • A white director • A white costume designer • Four white screenwriters • A white composer • A white cinematographer • A white film editor • A white casting director All to “authentically” tell the story of legendary Chinese warrior Hua Mulan. https://t.co/mRo1lsBJkF — Off Colour (@OffColourOrg) March 10, 2020

For some, the questions over adaptation and historical accuracy are inextricable from the issue of representation, both onscreen and behind the camera. While the film has been praised for its all-Asian cast, several of whom are of Chinese descent, there has been criticism over a perceived lack of representation among the film’s crew members, and what this means for the film and its message as a whole. “I do worry that the Mulan that we may see, how ‘Mulan’ is she?” says actor Lucy Sheen. “Is she a white version, a Eurocentric, colonialistic version of what some people, who are in the fortunate place to have commissioned this project, see?” Sheen, a British actor of East Asian descent, thinks the Mulan story has had enduring, universal appeal because it explores a journey of self discovery, and shows another facet of the female character as a warrior. “I will be from that point of view be interested to see how far this live action version has gone to make it palatable to be all things to all people, which you never can be,” she tells TIME.

“As an historian, to me it’s very misleading. The story presented in the film is definitely not what the true history should be,” says Chen, who, like Kwa, has only seen the trailer for the film. “On the latest version, I cannot see much beyond an undertaking driven largely by commercial interests.” A live-action version of the animated film with an all-Asian cast is likely to appeal in China, Hollywood’s biggest overseas market , though some viewers in the mainland too have voiced dissatisfaction with the film’s setting and the character’s representation.

For others, the strength of the adaptation lies in how well the film conveys the message of the Mulan story. “Ultimately, the success of an adaptation is how well it resonates with its audience, rather than how well it supports or replicates an original,” says historian Kwa, adding that the transformation from the original poem to the 16th-century play was also drastic, much like the creative license that Disney appears to have taken with the story. Kwa says that while concerns over representation are legitimate and need to be addressed, there’s more to consider when thinking about the authenticity of adaptations. And even if the new versions are disappointing, there’s still excitement in returning to at least the idea of a millennia-old tale. “For me, the fact that there continues to be an audience for Mulan is delightful actually,” says Kwa. “We like to return to stories and we find something meaningful in stories that are related to the past.”

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Western Animation / Mulan

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"You'll bring honor to us all."

Mulan is an animated film released in 1998, as the 36th film in the Disney Animated Canon . It was inspired by the Ancient Chinese folk legend of Hua Mulan (花木蘭). note  Disney chose to romanize the heroine's name as Fa Mulan, in effect giving her family name the typical Cantonese pronunciation, but her personal name the normal Mandarin one. The film deals with Huns invading Imperial China , led by the vicious warlord Shan Yu, resulting in every Chinese family receiving a conscription order requiring one male from their household to serve in the army. The title character, Fa Mulan ( Ming-Na Wen ), has no brothers, resulting in her veteran father being forced to accept the conscription. Fearing that her father's old age and crippling injuries will result in his almost certain death against the Huns, she steals his sword and armor, cuts her hair, and goes in his place, disguised as a man .

As Mulan is the last member in the lineage of the Fa family, her ancestors order the disgraced guardian Mushu ( Eddie Murphy ), who is small and has a penchant for comedy , to send the Great Stone Dragon to fetch Mulan home safely, but Mushu accidentally breaks the Stone Dragon's statue. He then goes in his place , but rather than fetching Mulan, hopes to make her a war hero and bring himself to glory.

Under the assumed name " Fa Ping ", Mulan undergoes many hardships in basic training, but eventually wins the respect and friendship of her fellow soldiers, as well as that of her commanding officer, Captain Li Shang ( B.D. Wong ), and marches with her company to confront Shan Yu and his Huns in a battle that will decide the fate of all of China.

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Bologna & Milan in 4 Days: An Italian Cultural Journey

by Elizabeth

April 18, 2024 · 3 min read

Embark on a 4-day adventure through the historic and cultural heartlands of Italy with a visit to Bologna and Milan. Begin your journey in Milan, where the majestic Milan Cathedral awaits, offering two hours of exploration in one of the most iconic churches in the world. Next, step back in time with a visit to the Sforza Castle, a grand testament to Milan's storied past, before marveling at the world cultural heritage site of Santa Maria delle Grazie, all in your first day. Day two dives into the innovative spirit of Milan with a trip to the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology, followed by a serene stroll along the Milan Canal, and a gaze up at the Bosco Verticale, a modern architectural marvel. Transitioning to Bologna on day three, the Museo Ducati presents an hour of motor-inspired delight, while Parco Montagnola offers a peaceful two-hour respite in one of the city's most beloved parks. The Basilica di San Petronio then calls, inviting you to witness its historic grandeur. Your final day is spent in the embrace of Bologna's main squares and monuments, from the bustling Piazza Maggiore to the commanding Palazzo del Podesta, and concluding with the iconic Fountain of Neptune. This itinerary promises a blend of awe-inspiring architecture, serene parks, and cultural landmarks that define the rich tapestry of Italian history and modernity.

• Day 1: Marvels of Milan - A Journey Through History and Heritage

Milan Cathedral

Kickstart your Milanese adventure with a visit to the awe-inspiring Milan Cathedral, the crown jewel of the city. As the first stop on your itinerary, this magnificent church is not just a place of worship but a symbol of architectural grandeur that took nearly six centuries to complete. Allocate around two hours to immerse yourself in its Gothic splendor, marvel at the intricate facades, and if time permits, climb up to the rooftop for a panoramic view of Milan that will leave you breathless.

Attraction Info

• P.za del Duomo, 20122 Milano MI, Italia
• Suggested tour duration: 2-3 hour
• Open from 9:00am-7:00pm，Duomo Museum closes on Wednesdays The business hours of attractions change frequently. It is recommended to check the official website before traveling. Access to the terrace could be changed according to the weather, please refer to the actual situation. The above business hours are those of Duomo The Duomo Museum business hours are as follows: Monday to Tuesday, Thursday to Sunday: 10:00-19:00, closed all day every Wednesday The business hours of attractions change frequently, and the business hours of each sub-attraction and tour item are different. It is recommended to check the official website https://ticket.duomilano.it/en/ before traveling Access to the terrace could be changed according to the weather, please refer to the actual situation.

Recommended Nearby Restaurants

Sforza Castle

Next on your cultural exploration is the majestic Sforza Castle, a mere stone's throw away from the cathedral. This iconic fortress, nestled in the heart of Milan at Piazza Castello, is a testament to the city's rich Renaissance history. Spend an hour wandering through its vast grounds, exploring the various museums housed within its walls, and let the grandeur of the past envelop you as you stroll through the castle's courtyards and battlements.

• Piazza Castello, 20121 Milano MI, Italy
• Suggested tour duration: 1-3 hour
• Open from 7:00am-7:30pm，The castle museum is open from Tuesday to Sunday from 10:00-17:30, with ticket sales at 16:30 and admission at 17:00. Closed every Monday, December 25th, January 1st and May 1st; The castle courtyard is open from 7:00 - 19:30.

Santa Maria delle Grazie

Conclude your day with a serene half-hour visit to Santa Maria delle Grazie, a church that not only exudes spiritual tranquility but also houses one of the world's most renowned mural paintings, 'The Last Supper' by Leonardo da Vinci. As a UNESCO World Heritage site, this church offers a moment of reflection and the opportunity to witness a masterpiece that has captivated art lovers and historians alike.

• Piazza di Santa Maria delle Grazie, 20123 Milano MI, Italia
• Suggested tour duration: 0.5-1 hour
• Open on Mon-Sat,9:00am-12:20pm,3:00pm-5:50pm;Open on Sun,3:00pm-5:50pm

Where to Stay Tonight

Milan royal suites - centro cadorna, antica locanda leonardo.

• Day 2: Exploring Milan's Marvels of Science, Waterways, and Green Skyscrapers

Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology

Begin your second day in Milan with a dive into the genius of the Renaissance at the Leonardo da Vinci Museum of Science and Technology. Nestled in the heart of Milan on Via San Vittore, this museum is a tribute to the city's spirit of innovation. Spend an hour marveling at the intricate models of da Vinci's inventions, exploring the halls filled with the history of science and technology, and getting inspired by the blend of past and future.

• Via San Vittore, 21, 20123 Milano MI, Italy
• Suggested tour duration: 1-2 hour
• Open from 2/1-6/22,Tue-Fri,9:30am-5:00pm;Open from 2/1-6/22,Sat-Sun,9:30am-6:30pm;Open from 6/23-9/8,Tue-Fri,10:00am-6:00pm;Open from 6/23-9/8,Sat-Sun,10:00am-7:00pm;Closed from 2/1-9/8,Mon，Closed on December 24th, 25th and January 1st. The specific business status on special opening dates is subject to the opening conditions on that day.

Milan Canal

After immersing yourself in the intellectual legacy of da Vinci, take a leisurely stroll to the serene waterways of the Milan Canal. Just a short distance from the museum, this picturesque canal offers a tranquil escape from the bustling city streets. Spend an hour wandering along the banks, soaking in the charm of the water conservancy project that once served as the lifeline of Milan's economy, and enjoy the unique perspective of the city's historical and modern blend.

• Piazzale Porta Genova, 1 20123 Milan

Bosco Verticale

Conclude your day's journey with a visit to the Bosco Verticale, a striking example of modern architecture that's reshaping the skyline of Milan. Located on Via Gaetano de Castillia, these innovative 'Vertical Forest' towers are a testament to sustainable urban living. Dedicate two hours to explore the surroundings, marvel at the lush greenery that adorns the facades, and reflect on the harmonious relationship between nature and urban development that these buildings represent.

• Via Gaetano de Castillia, 11, 20124 Milano MI, Italy
• Open on Mon-Fri

Casa Vittoria - Isola District

• Day 3: Bologna's Cultural Treasures and Green Escapes

Museo Ducati

Kickstarting the third day with an engine roar, Museo Ducati is a must-visit for motor enthusiasts. Nestled at Via Antonio Cavalieri Ducati, this museum is a shrine to speed and innovation, showcasing a stellar collection of motorcycles that trace the history and evolution of the iconic Ducati brand. Spend an hour immersed in the world of two-wheeled engineering marvels, where every exhibit promises to accelerate your pulse.

• Via Antonio Cavalieri Ducati 3 Bus stop 13, sto Borgo Panigale, 40132 Borgo Panigale Italy
• Open on Mon-Tue, Thu-Sun,9:00am-6:00pm

Parco Montagnola

After the high-octane experience, unwind amidst the verdant tranquility of Parco Montagnola. A mere stone's throw from the bustling city center, located at Via Irnerio, this city park offers a serene retreat for two hours of leisure. Stroll through the shaded pathways, admire the historical sculptures, or simply watch the world go by in this urban oasis, a green heart in the midst of Bologna's vibrant life.

• Via Irnerio 2/3, 40126 Bologna Italy
• Open 24 hours

Basilica di San Petronio

Concluding the day's journey, the Basilica di San Petronio awaits to awe with its grandeur and historical significance. Situated in Corte De' Galluzzi, this majestic church is not only a place of worship but also a testament to Bologna's rich cultural heritage. Spend an hour exploring the intricate artworks, vast naves, and absorbing the serene atmosphere that has been a cornerstone of the city's history for centuries.

• Corte De' Galluzzi 12/2, 40124 Bologna Italy
• Open from 8:30am-1:30pm,3:00pm-6:30pm

Art Hotel Commercianti

Casa isolani piazza maggiore 1.0.

• Day 4: Bologna's Historic Heart - Piazza Maggiore and Beyond

Piazza Maggiore

Begin your final day soaking in the historic ambiance of Bologna at Piazza Maggiore, the grand central square that has been the city's focal point since the 15th century. Spend an hour wandering around this spacious plaza, surrounded by some of Bologna's most important buildings. The square is a living museum, boasting an array of monuments that narrate the city's rich history. From the intricate facades to the bustling cafes, Piazza Maggiore offers a perfect snapshot of Bolognese life and culture.

• Piazza Maggiore, 40121 Bologna Italy

Palazzo del Podesta

Just a few steps from the vibrant Piazza Maggiore, the Palazzo del Podesta stands as a testament to Bologna's medieval might. Dedicate an hour to explore this historic site, where modernity and history collide. The building's architecture is a marvel, with its large vaulted hall known as the Voltone del Podesta, under which whispers can be heard from one corner to another due to its unique acoustics. The Palazzo del Podesta's blend of power and elegance encapsulates the essence of Bologna's storied past.

• Piazza Maggiore 1 Under the Podesta' Palace, 40124 Bologna Italy
• Open on Mon-Fri,9:00am-7:00pm;Open on Sat,9:00pm-0:00am;Open on Sun,0:00am-7:00pm

Fountain of Neptune

Conclude your Bologna exploration with a brief visit to the iconic Fountain of Neptune, a mere stone's throw from Piazza Maggiore. This 10-minute stop allows you to admire the grandeur of the Mannerist-style fountain, a symbol of the city's artistic heritage. The imposing figure of Neptune presides over the square, while the intricate water displays and bronze figures at his feet add to the fountain's allure. This majestic monument is not just a feast for the eyes but also a symbol of Bologna's connection to the water that flows through its veins.

• Piazza del Nettuno, 40124 Bologna, Italy
• Suggested tour duration: 10-15 minutes

Art Hotel Orologio

* All user reviews in this article have been translated by machine.

* The information above is subject to change at any time. For the latest information, please check the websites of hotels and attractions.

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Fujian Hakka Tulou - Mysterious Earthen Castles

Fujian's Hakka Tulou ('Earth Buildings' 土楼 Tǔlóu /too-loh/) are unique, usually round, fort-like buildings, built with a mixture of clay and sandy soil. These rare buildings were designed by the circumspect Hakka minority as large fortresses and apartment buildings in one, and were inscribed by UNESCO as a cluster of World Cultural Heritage Sites in 2008.

In the first trailer for Disney's lively action film Mulan (release date: March 27, 2020), Mulan's home is a Fujian tulou .

Because of their large, round shapes in clusters, tulou satellite images produced great speculation during the Cold War. They were even believed by Western countries to be China's nuclear missile silos!

Walled villages were built from the Song Dynasty (960–1279), when the Hakka Han moved from their original homeland in northern central China to the mountains of southeast China.

From then construction remained much the same, until conflicts with neighbors led to the development of fort-like housing from the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) to the Republic of China era (1912–1949).

Today, the earth buildings are one of Fujian Province's top tourist attractions , and most of the residents are involved in tourism, instead of farming.

Who are the Hakka People?

The Hakka origins are obscure. Like other Han people of China, their ancestors originated from someplace in the Yellow River basin in north China, but unlike other people of China, they tended to remain migratory for the last 1,000 years. They are a people who, either out of necessity or because they wanted to, migrated a lot, going from Central China to southern China and then overseas in the last several hundred years.

Distinct language, customs, and architecture: They have a distinct Hakka language that is somewhat related to Mandarin, and though they are Han Chinese, their customs are different. As the tulou in Fujian, Jiangxi, and northern Guangdong show, they had their own preferred style of construction too. In northeast Guangzhou, the Hakka built in the weilongwu and the sijiaolou styles as explained in the Architecture Features section.

Hakka cuisine: Hakka have their own cuisine style. They are good at making a salted pickled mustard cabbage, and one special Hakka dish combines steamed pork or fish with the salted mustard cabbage to make meicai kourou .

Overseas migrations: Also, many Hakka went overseas to settle when massacres against them started in the 19th century.

Many famous people in China's history have been Hakka. They often had leadership roles in governments and armies of the past. Sun Yat Sen , called the "Father of Modern China," was a Hakka for example.

Fujian Province is in southeast China, north of Guangdong Province, where the majority of the Hakka live, and across the sea from Taiwan, which also has Hakka in the mountains. The Hakka only built tulou in Fujian.

The Yongding Tulou are mainly distributed in Nanjing County (南靖县), Yongding County (永定县), and Hua'an County (华安县), a region about 150 km across on the Fujian-Guangdong border, 2½–3½ hours by bus west from Xiamen.

Architectural Features

It cannot be denied that tulou are totally different to traditional architectural styles both in China and abroad. The closest things to them are the siheyuan (four-sided courtyards) in Beijing's hutongs , or medieval castles in Europe.

Construction

Hakka earth castles' main building materials are clay, sandy soil and gray tiles, with bamboo strips playing the role of rebar in modern construction. Tulou were built with local raw soil without reinforced concrete and steel.

The foundation walls are three meters (10 feet) wide, able to withstand an earthquake, fire, or any attack at that time. The outer walls are mostly thicker than 1 meter (3'4").

The earthen buildings have two different shapes . The buildings are usually constructed round, but there are some square ones. All are about 10–20 meters tall, 30–80 meters in diameter; with dark, overhanging, shallow-pitch, apex roofs, and a hollow core (with lower buildings inside) 15–50 meters across.

When you look at them from afar, they (the round ones) are like thick tires or reels lying on their sides, with light walls, dark roofs, and large hollow centers. Their symmetry and simplicity are beautiful.

Round Earth Buildings

The round building style is the most famous tulou architecture. They usually have 2–4 floors, and with 2–3 inner rings of buildings. The most famous is Chengqi Building (承启楼 in Yongding Tulou Area), with 4 floors and 400 rooms.

Square Earth Buildings

Square buildings are mainly in Yongding Tulou Area. They can be rectangular or square. The locals call them sijiaolou (四角楼 sìjiǎolóu /srr-jyaoww-loh/ 'four-corner building(s)' ). Kuiju Building (奎聚楼 in Yongding Tulou Area) is one of the most famous square earthen buildings, with a height of 15 meters.

"Five Pheonix" Buildings

This kind of tulou is not as famous as the round and square ones. It has a stepped construction and the main building is at the highest floor, at the back. This kind of building has a beautiful layout and a strong symmetry. Fuyu Building (福裕楼 in Yongding Tulou Area) is the most famous five-phoenix-style earthen building.

Tulou had two main functions : communal living and defense. Each earth building usually holds the extended family of a single Hakka clan. These structures espoused equality and unity as family areas were the same size and shape, and everyone lived under the same roof, sharing communal areas.

Most earthen buildings have three or four floors with comprehensive living functions : the first floor is used for kitchens and dining rooms; the second floor is for grain stores; and the third and fourth floors are used for bedrooms.

Then comes the question, do they have no communal rooms or bathrooms? In fact, most have at least three concentric rings of buildings : the out ring is the main part of the building which has been described above; the second ring is set with bathrooms, and the center is the sitting room, as well as the ancestral hall of the family.

These buildings have a good ventilation and lighting and are warm in winter and cool in summer.

100–400 years ago, tulou played a significant role in protecting the Hakka from the attacks of land-hungry neighbors. Residents could easily mount an all-round defense, and the vulnerable entrances were strongly reinforced.

Which Tulou to Visit

There are three main tulou areas in Fuijan: Nanjing, Yongding, and Hua'an. The earthen buildings in each area may seem the same, so you may be confused which area to visit.

• Nanjing Tulou Area is the most recommended, as it's only 2½ hours from Xiamen city.
• Yongding Tulou Area is about 3½ hours from Xiamen city, but it's the largest tulou area in Fujian, with most of the top buildings.
• Hua'an Tulou Area is less popular, but also less commercial - worth a visit for a quieter experience of original tulou .

If you still can't decide which one to visit, please see our detail introduction about Which Tulou Area to Visit .

Recommended Tulou Tours

We recommend you combine your tulou tour with Xiamen sights like Gulangyu Island. Take at least two days to see the amazing earthen buildings and China's garden-by-the-sea city. See our recommended tours below for inspiration:

• 3-Day Gulangyu Island, and Yongding Tulou Relaxed Tour - Relaxed Weekend Tour
• 5-Day Xiamen, Nanjing Tulou, and Wuyi Mountain Tour - Cultural and Scenic Tour
• 9-Day Gulangyu Island, Yongding Tulou, and Xiapu Photography Tour - For Photography Lovers

Our tours can be customized according to your interests and requirements. If you're not interested in the above tours, just let us create your own tulou tour !

Get Inspired with Some Popular Itineraries

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More From Forbes

How to plan the best solo female trip to milan, italy.

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Milan is a smart, safe, and stylish destination for solo female travel in Italy.

Based on post-pandemic tourism data compiled by Italy’s tourist board , planning vacations to the the beloved Mediterranean country has never been more popular. While cities like Rome and Venice will always remain bucket list destinations, what should you do if you’re a solo female traveler looking for an Italian city that’s less crowded, safe, and just as beguiling?

Consider Milan. Italy's second-largest city has long been dismissed as the country’s design and fashion capital, but in reality, there’s far more to Milan’s appeal than Salone del Mobile and Miuccia Prada. From historic attractions to fantastic food, the city is an underrated gem. Plus, getting around is a breeze thanks to inexpensive public transportation, including Milano Centrale—which has several hundred domestic trains departing daily so you can explore even more of Italy.

Here, a handy guide on how to plan a safe and unforgettable solo female trip to Milan.

Where to Stay

Hotel NH Collection Milano CityLife pays homage to the church it occupies, 1934's Chiesa del Cristo ... [+] Re.

Anchored by three architectural masterpieces from Zaha Hadid Architects, Daniel Libeskind, and Arata Isozaki, CityLife is a mixed-use development that’s home to stylish shops, enticing restaurants, and as of 2022, one of Milan’s buzziest new hotels, Hotel NH Collection Milano CityLife . Spread across two structures including Chiesa del Cristo Re, a 1934 neoclassical-style church, the 185-key hotel offers a stay that’s removed enough from Milan’s city center to ensure peace and quiet, but close enough to access by foot.

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Hotel NH Collection Milano CityLife's exterior lounge and reception area

The gleaming all-white structure’s original facade, arches, and soaring columns were carefully restored to nod to Chiesa del Cristo Re’s previous life. The design ethos flows indoors to the main lobby, where seven-meter-high bronze elements resembling organ pipes make the mundane act of checking in a grand one.

Religion, however, isn’t the only source of inspiration for Hotel NH Collection Milano CityLife. The city’s fashion legacy is woven into the property’s signature restaurant and lounge Tailors. Lovely for an aperitivo—which in true Italian style arrive with salty nibbles like Taralli and potato chips—a sophisticated dinner of housemade duck ragu paccheri drizzled with Vacche Rosse Parmigiano Reggiano bechamel, or the daily breakfast spread, Tailors celebrates craftsmanship in the kitchen. When the sun’s out, zip up to the roof, where one of only two hotel rooftop pools in Milan and chic al fresco bar await.

NH Collection Milano Citylife has ten duplex suites outfitted with private terraces and hot tubs.

Though the guest rooms skew snug (as do many European hotels), they’re smartly laid out. On top of that: the low-slung beds are dreamy; the branded NH bathroom amenities incorporate sustainable packaging and formulas; and the ceiling-to-floor windows bathe the space in natural light for a more open feel. In the mood to splurge? Then reserve one of the hotel’s ten duplex suites . Cloaked in calming earth tones, they sport one-of-a-kind configurations and come with private terraces and hot tubs.

Federico Vaccari leads personalized tours of his hometown Milan in a beautiful restored vintage ... [+] Fiat 500.

If you’ve been to Milan before, and want to discover a lesser-known side of the city, book a private tour with Federico Vaccari . Over the course of three hours, Vaccari will scoot you around in a beautiful restored vintage Fiat 500 and reveal spots travelers rarely get to see, like Via Abramo Lincoln’s candy-colored houses. Since the car can only carry two passengers, it’s especially well-suited for solo female travelers.

For first-timers: no visit would be complete without seeing the Duomo, Milan's most famous cathedral, and enjoying expansive city views from the rooftop. Teatro alla Scala and Santa Maria delle Grazie, home of Leonardo Da Vinci's famous Last Supper painting, are other cultural landmarks worth scoping out. For retail therapy, head to Milan’s legendary fashion district Milan's Quadrilatero and Via della Spiga. Reserved for pedestrians, this glamorous strip showcases Italy’s biggest fashion houses such as Prada and Moschino. (Bring your passport to enjoy tax-free shopping.)

Where to Eat

A traditional Puglian snack of fried dough stuffed with cheese and tomatoes, Panzerotti is one of ... [+] Milan's most popular street snacks.

Despite being frequently overshadowed by Naples, Rome, and Bologna, Milan is a worthy dining destination in its own right. As of 2023, it’s home to 17 Michelin-starred restaurants like Rome, which run the gamut from Enrico Bartolini ’s innovating tasting menus to IYO , where modern Japanese fare with European flourishes take center stage.

Bice remains a city stalwart for classic Tuscan fare (Ossobuco alla Milanese, Ribollita) and Federico Delrosso’s timeless design, while Peck has attracted discriminating palates since 1883 with an extensive (and immaculately presented) selection of gourmet meats, prepared foods, cheese, sweets, and wines. Ciacco turns out high-quality, small-batch gelato in classic and experimental flavors like the Robiola-infused “Almost Cheesecake.” For a quick bite to go, Panzo has you covered with made-to-order panzerotti, a traditional Puglian snack of fried dough stuffed with melty cheese and tomatoes.

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Milan Centrale station to Hotel Windsor

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5 replies to this topic

Ok so we should just get a regular cab from the rank? Are they meteted? Any likely issues asking for such a short journey?

Thanks again.

Taxis are, of course, metered.

There are taxi stands both to the right and left as you exit the station.

An alternative solution could be tram #9 which has its terminus in Piazza IV Novembre, next to the station, and passes in front of the hotel. It's the fourth stop.

Thank you very much.

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