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Warning message, kingman reef: a place like no other, _corals_on_kingman_reef.jpg.

(Photo By LCDR Eric Johnson @ NOAA)

If you’re tired of resorts and long for adventure on a grand scale, consider volunteering a bit of your time in support of a scientific survey of Kingman Reef. This magnificent and geologically intriguing reef structure is off-limits to the public, so the only way to dive here is with a scientific or educational team, and then with the blessing of the US Fish and Wildlife Service.

A Nearly Submerged Wildlife Refuge

Lying approximately halfway between American Samoa and the Hawaiian Islands, Kingman Reef is the northernmost of the US Northern Line Islands. Enclosing a lagoon that drops to a maximum depth of 270 feet and encompassing twenty-nine square miles, this shark-fin shaped reef features two small strips of dry land that are frequently overtaken by ocean waves and which are incapable of supporting plant life; the reef’s highest point is just five feet above sea level. In the past, the reef has gone by a number of different names; Caldew Reef, Maria Shoal, and Danger Reef chief among them. 

Kingman Reef was officially discovered in 1798, and was annexed to the United States in 1922.The reef’s sheltered inner lagoon was used by Pan American flying boats as an overnight stopover during the 1930s; a supply ship was stationed there to provide food, water, and lodging to the passengers and crew, as well as fuel for the big flying boats. After a tragic explosion and the loss of all onboard one of these airships in 1938, Pan Am abandoned the reef site. Kingman Reef was under US Navy control until 2000, when it was transferred to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge was created in 2001, and covers the emergent coral rubble spits as well as all waters out to 12 nautical miles from the reef itself. 

Should you get the opportunity to dive Kingman Reef, you’ll find thrills beyond compare. Divers from past expeditions report encountering numerous curious sharks on every single dive, however these are not the most ferocious fish you’ll find here. Bohar snappers, which are predatory fish with huge canines are fearless and have bitten divers and drawn blood. Both the bohar snappers and the sharks are the reef’s apex predators; they keep the remainder of species in balance, ensuring the reef habitat remains healthy. 

Schooling fish are present, however they are well-thinned by the predators; they are also more wary of divers than schooling fish in some other areas are, most likely out of a sense of self-preservation. Kingman’s reef fish are also fairly shy, however they are abundant. Photographers who patiently wait for these fish to emerge from hiding spots end up capturing magnificent fish portraits. 

While Kingman is a reef, it is composed primarily of hard corals; soft corals and anemones are not the norm here. Scientists describe it as one big, circular coral colony like none other ever discovered. That, along with more than 225 fish species including rays, tuna, surgeonfish, damsels, wrasse, parrotfish, and many others, as well as several different species of giant clams is enough to keep scientists coming back. 

While there are certainly some limiting factors surrounding diving Kingman Reef, it’s not an impossible undertaking. With research and a bit of tenacity on your part, as well as a willing spirit and excellent dive skills, you might just find your way onto a scientific survey team and make your way to this amazing reef – a place that is certain to live on in your memory long after you’ve left it behind.  

• Australia and Oceania
• Kingman Reef

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Kingman Reef

History Kingman Reef was named for Captain W. E. Kingman, who discovered it in the American ship Shooting Star, of Boston, on November 29, 1853. He said that it was near the spot assigned to "Danger rock" on some charts. Under the name of "Danger", it was among the islands listed as claimed by Americans under the Guano Act of 1856.

The American flag was hoisted over Kingman Reef, May 10, 1922, by the late Lorrin A. Thurston, at the request of Leslie and Ellen Fullard-Leo. He took formal possession by reading a proclamation of annexation and leaving a record of the proceedings, a certificate of possession, the flag, and copies of the Honolulu Advertiser and Star-Bulletin of May 3, 1992, in a glass jar, deposited at the base of a cairn of coral slabs about four feet high.

A December 29, 1934, Executive Order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed Kingman Reef under the control and jurisdiction of the U.S. Navy, in immediate charge of the 14th Naval District and, on February 14, 1941, he issued another Executive Order making Kingman Reef a U.S. national defense area and prohibiting foreign planes and surface craft.

Political Status Kingman Reef is under the jurisdiction of the Department of the Navy.

Geography Kingman Reef lies 382 nautical miles north of the equator. It is about 33 miles northwest of Palmyra Island and 925 miles south by west of Honolulu.

It is a triangular, atoll-like reef and shoal about 9 ½ miles east and west by 5 miles north and south, of which all but the eastern end is now submerged.

The area supports a rich marine fauna, including large numbers of fishes. There is no land flora. Various seabirds roost on exposed coral rubble.

Transportation Facilities  - None

For Additional Information

Contact the Department of the Navy, Office of Public Information, Washington, DC 20350. Telephone number is (703) 695-0965

CIA World Book Fact Sheet http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/kq.html

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TheArmchairExplorer.com - Pacific Region

• Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge
• Pacific Region

One of the most pristine coral reef atoll ecosystems on Earth, Kingman Reef is located about 930 miles southwest of Hawaii. The emergent land area of the refuge adds up to about 3 acres on the northeastern and southeastern sides of the reef. The submerged area of the NWR amounts to about 483,754 acres, reaching out 12 nautical miles in all directions from the center of the reef.

The land mass of Kingman Reef is essentially two coral spits that are never more than 5 feet above the water. Any kind of weather pushes waves over the land and that contributes to the lack of vegetation. Underwater is another story. However, as abundant are the reefs that make up Kingman, the ecosystem of the reef and its food chain is primarily predator-based. About 85% of the biomass of fish in the area is composed of sharks and other carnivores. That means the competition for food is intense among both the coral species and the 225 species of fish observed in the area.

Giant clams are abundant in the shallows at Kingman Reef. Green sea turtles often stop by to feed and bask in the sun on the coral spits at low tide. Amateur radio operators from the United States have been known to visit about as often as Fish & Wildlife Service personnel. There are more than 200 species of coral found around Kingman Reef, more than three times the number of species growing around the Hawaiian Islands. Deep diving submersibles have found deep water gold coral colonies that might be up to 5,000 years old.

The reef was used by the US Navy until a dock and landing strip were built at nearby Palmyra Atoll in the late 1930's. Pan American Airlines landed "flying boats" on their way to New Zealand in the lagoon, beginning in 1937 and ending in 1938 after one of their aircraft exploded near American Samoa in January that year. The Navy gave over jurisdiction to the US Fish & Wildlife Service on September 1, 2000 and the property is now included in the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument .

• Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument
• Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge
• Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge
• Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge
• Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
• Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
• Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge

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Exploring Deep Waters of Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island

The waters of the remote Pacific territories are among the least explored U.S. holdings in the Pacific Ocean. As Nautilus travels into the central Pacific Ocean for the first time, the first expedition in this region from June 23 to July 13, 2019 will target seamounts, hills, and ridges deep waters deeper than 150m around within the US Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the vicinity of Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island. Collectively, these areas lie within one of the largest marine protected areas in the world, the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument (PRIMNM). Established in 2009, and later expanded in 2014, PRIMNM encompasses 7 islands and atolls as well as numerous seamounts, guyots, and ridges hidden beneath the sea surface. Shallow-water environments in PRIMNM contain biodiverse communities of fishes and coral species, and terrestrial environments are important habitats for seabirds colonies. Following on the heels of a 3-year NOAA Campaign to Address Pacific monument Science Technology, and Ocean NEeds ( CAPSTONE , 2015-2017), a major multi-year effort to collect baseline information on unknown or poorly explored deep waters around remote Pacific territories, this expedition will expand upon biological and geological efforts to characterize deep-water features. This Nautilus expedition is sponsored by NOAA Office of Exploration and Research, with participating organizations including U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Temple University, University of Rhode Island, Oregon State University, and University of Hawai’i. 

Revealing Enigmatic Seamounts and Deep Sea Coral Colonies

Seamounts are likely to be the most abundant features to be explored on this expedition. These features can in turn be composed of smaller topographic features like steep slopes, ridges, or depressions. Seamounts can be broken down into different types like flat-topped guyots (also called tablemounts) or sharp peaked cones, each having potentially different geological history or types of biological communities. Numerous enigmatic, or little understood, seafloor features including depressions and seamount moats have been previously mapped along and adjacent to the Line Islands. The proposed origins for these features suggest markedly different benthic habitats, which may provide unique environments for potential new species, and basalt samples of the seamounts in the region may provide additional understanding of the complex volcanic and tectonic history of the Line Islands. Mineral-rich ferromanganese crusts have also been identified from seamounts in the north and equatorial Pacific making them potentially attractive resources for deep-sea mining. Characterizing protected seamount environments, like those in PRIMNM, will allow for a baseline assessment of crust communities to compare to those potentially impacted in similar areas of the remote central Pacific.

Deep sea corals and sponges are some of the most abundant large organisms observed on the deep seafloor, yet many questions remain about their distribution and diversity on seamounts, islands, and atolls in the central Pacific.  Structures produced by deep-water coral colonies have been identified as important habitat for invertebrate and fish fauna. In past expeditions to these areas, some features have revealed high density and high diversity communities at depths up to 2500m. Compared to relatively well-studied areas like Hawaii, very little known about remote populations but questions the team hopes to shed light on during this expedition include: How abundant and diverse are species in these remote areas? And how do communities compare across depth? What might the presence of some cosmopolitan species reveal about the connectivity of populations and biogeography between features or provinces? Given the remoteness of these territories, and lack of previous exploration, it is expected that the chances of encountering new species is high.

Diving Deeper into Data Collection for Pacific Remote Islands

The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument is among the largest marine protected areas in the world, but remains poorly explored due in part to its spatial isolation. While the diversity of species in shallow waters is relatively well known, deeper waters are not. In recent years there have been a few but growing list of expeditions to explore deep-sea environments the PRIMNM units of Kingman & Palmyra and Jarvis Island. In 2005, the Hawai’i Undersea Research Lab using the manned Pisces submersibles, explored bathyal depths of these three regions. More recently in 2017, the Mountains in the Deep expedition on NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer conducted significant multibeam mapping operations and providing substantial resources for future dive planning. An expedition on Schmidt Ocean Institute’s R/V Falkor later that year explored shallower depths for evidence of ancient coastlines that were drowned during historical sea level rise around Kingman Reef and Palmyra Atoll. While these expeditions represent leaps and bounds in exploration of the deep sea, much remains to be explored to consider these areas well-characterized with respect to biological diversity and geological underpinnings.

The addition of high-resolution seafloor mapping data from Nautilus around these remote regions will add to these previous expeditions and aid in future explorations and species or habitat modelling. Characterization of vulnerable or sensitive habitats within the areas of Kingman & Palmyra and Jarvis units of PRIMNM will greatly support management and conservation efforts in the area. Sampling of targeted biology through voucher specimen collection will likely result in the identification of potential new species and enhanced knowledge about species ranges in this remote region. Several buoys and drifters will be deployed during this expedition in international waters in support of education outreach and scientific activities. 

Expedition Objectives

• Acquisition of high-resolution bathymetry in areas where no or patchy mapping data exists. Priority targets include seamounts, guyots, submarine banks, ridges, and margins around atolls and islands.
• ​ Exploration and characterization of diversity of benthic habitats, including deep-water corals, sponges, and fish habitats, on seafloor features throughout the Kingman & Palmyra and Jarvis Units of PRIMNM and the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone.
• Identification of high-density and high-diversity deep-water sponge and coral communities that would contribute to biogeographic knowledge of the area.
• Exploration of geological structure of seamounts, particularly those with “moat ring” formations.
• Obtaining basalt samples of seamounts for subsequent dating geochemical analyses.
• Identifying potential benthic communities present on mineral crust zone seamounts in the north and equatorial central Pacific.
• Obtaining data in support of conservation and exploration goals for remote units of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument.
• Additional seafloor mapping in the Cook Island Exclusive Economic Zone north of Manihiki Plateau.

Sampling items will primarily target the following:

• Deep-water corals, sponges, and associated organisms
• Other biological specimens for potentially new species, range extensions, connectivity
• ​ ​ Rock samples to identify mineral crusts and date geologic features

Niskin bottle water samples for environmental DNA and possible seawater carbonate analysis

Expedition Tools & Technologies

ROVs Hercules and Argus EM302 multibeam sonar Knudsen sub-bottom profiler During transits in international waters, several instruments will be launched including:

• Scripps Wave Buoys
• Educational Passages Sailboat The Perry
• National Geographic Deep-Ocean Drop Camera

Learn more about this expedition. 

Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island

Deep waters in the remote central Pacific remain some of the most poorly studied environments on Earth. This expedition will focus on exploring deep-water features in the vicinity of Kingman Reef, Palmyra Atoll, and Jarvis Island within the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. The waters of these remote Pacific territories are among the least explored U.S. holdings in the Pacific Ocean.

Related Content

Out of this World Cirroteuthid Octopus Spotted Hovering Over Moon-like Seascape

Sinuous Asperoteuthis Mangoldae Squid Filmed Alive for First Time

Towering Coral Colonies of Jarvis Seamount

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• Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge

Fish and Wildlife Service.

Kingman Reef is an uninhabited, barren, coral atoll with a deep lagoon 5 miles wide and 9э miles long. Located about 1,000 miles southwest of Honolulu, this triangular reef has a land area of only 0.01 square miles. It became a U.S. naval reservation in 1934. Pan American Airways used the lagoon just before World War II as a station for seaplanes flying between Hawaii and Samoa. Kingman consists of coral reefs and submerged lands. The reef is wet or awash most of the time, with a maximum elevation of about 1 meter. Besides a spectacular diversity of coral reef fishes, corals, and other marine organisms, it provides roosting, feeding, and other essential habitat for migratory seabirds, and supports migratory shorebirds and threatened Pacific green sea turtles .

The reef is closed to the public.

Additional Information

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HelloMondo / Kingman Reef (USA)

Kingman Reef (USA)

Visit Kingman Reef, a remote, uninhabited atoll in the Pacific Ocean. Dive into pristine waters and explore the incredible marine life.

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Kingman Reef, a submerged atoll within the Pacific Ocean, stands as a testament to the raw power of nature. This unincorporated U.S. territory is largely underwater, with only a small portion emerging during low tide. An integral part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Kingman Reef boasts thriving marine biodiversity, attracting divers and marine biologists alike. Its untouched coral formations and rich aquatic life offer insights into an underwater world untouched by human interference.

Access is restricted and closely monitored; secure permissions from U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service before visiting.

Adopt a strict leave-no-trace policy; the reef’s delicate ecosystem is sensitive to any external influence.

How to best experience Kingman Reef (USA)?

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Kingman Reef: nature’s untouched marine paradise

Kingman Reef, a submerged atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, is a tale of untouched natural splendor and human discovery. This largely submerged coral reef stands as a sentinel amidst the vast expanse of blue, its shallow lagoons and coral formations offering a silent testimony to nature’s wonders.

The reef was discovered in the 19th century and, over time, became a navigational point for trans-Pacific voyages. While its history might not be marked by grand events or human habitation, its significance lies in its natural assets. Kingman Reef is an underwater paradise, its pristine conditions providing an ideal habitat for a plethora of marine species. From vibrantly colored corals to schools of exotic fish, the reef is a submerged garden of Eden.

For the intrepid traveler, Kingman Reef presents an unparalleled diving experience. The untouched coral formations, the clear waters, and the diverse marine life combine to offer a mesmerizing underwater tableau. It is a destination for those who seek solace in nature’s lap, away from the hustle and bustle of touristy spots.

However, visitors should note that Kingman Reef is a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge, with stringent regulations in place to protect its fragile ecosystem. While its untouched beauty beckons, it also demands respect and care. A trip to Kingman Reef is not just a visual treat but also an exercise in responsible and sustainable tourism.

Where is Kingman Reef located?

Kingman Reef is situated in the central Pacific Ocean, approximately halfway between Hawaii and American Samoa. It is a U.S. territory and is managed as a National Wildlife Refuge.

What is Kingman Reef famous for?

Kingman Reef is celebrated for its pristine and largely undisturbed coral ecosystem. A haven for marine biodiversity, it attracts researchers and divers keen on experiencing one of the most untouched coral reefs in the world. Its status as a National Wildlife Refuge underscores its ecological importance.

1798: Discovery and Naming

Kingman Reef, an uninhabited coral atoll located in the North Pacific Ocean, was discovered on June 14, 1798, by the American Captain Edmund Fanning of the ship “Betsy.” However, it wasn’t until 1853 that the reef was officially named after Captain W.E. Kingman, who reported its position after narrowly avoiding a shipwreck upon its treacherous coral surface.

Early 20th Century: Minimal Human Interaction

For the most part of the early 20th century, the reef remained largely untouched, drawing only infrequent visits from fishermen, maritime explorers, and occasional shipwreck survivors. Its shallow waters and sharp coral formations made it perilous for large vessels, leading to several shipwrecks which littered its surrounding waters. These wrecks occasionally became temporary shelters for stranded sailors waiting for rescue.

1934-1937: Loran (Long Range Navigation) Station

Recognizing the reef’s strategic position, in 1934, a short-lived attempt was made by the American Equatorial Islands Colonization Project to claim Kingman Reef, along with several other atolls. The intent was to establish an airmail route between Hawaii and American Samoa. By 1937, the U.S. government had built a Loran (Long Range Navigation) station on the reef. However, the station was evacuated in 1940 due to the unstable nature of the reef’s surface and the onset of World War II.

1960s: U.S. Navy Usage

In the 1960s, the U.S. Navy used the reef as a refueling spot for military aircraft. This activity was short-lived and ceased after a few years. With limited human intervention, the reef’s natural habitat flourished, providing a sanctuary for countless marine species, from small reef fishes to larger predators.

2000-Present: Conservation Efforts

In the new millennium, conservationists recognized the reef’s ecological significance. In 2001, Kingman Reef was designated a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge, putting a halt to any commercial activity and ensuring the protection of its marine environment. Then, in 2009, it became a part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, further strengthening conservation measures. Today, apart from infrequent visits by research vessels and conservationists, Kingman Reef remains one of the most pristine and least disturbed coral atolls in the world, a testament to nature’s resilience and beauty in the absence of human interference.

Visit Kingman Reef

What to see and do in kingman reef.

Due to its protected status and limited access, tourism to Kingman Reef is not permitted. The reef is primarily visited by researchers and conservationists who have obtained special permits. However, for those interested in exploring the wonders of the coral reef ecosystem, there are numerous other destinations in the Pacific Ocean that offer similar experiences. Some popular destinations for diving and snorkeling include the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Palau’s Rock Islands, and the Maldives.

Events in Kingman Reef

As Kingman Reef is a protected wildlife refuge with restricted access, there are no specific events or festivals that take place on the reef. The focus of Kingman Reef is on conservation and scientific research, rather than tourism or entertainment.

Best time to visit Kingman Reef

The best time to visit Kingman Reef, should it be possible, would be during the summer months when sea conditions are generally calmer. However, it is important to note that access to the reef is limited and strictly regulated, making it highly unlikely for regular tourists to visit.

Is Kingman Reef worth visiting?

For the average tourist looking for a destination to visit, Kingman Reef is not worth considering due to its remote location, limited access, and lack of tourist infrastructure. While the reef itself is a unique and biodiverse ecosystem, there are other destinations in the Pacific Ocean that offer similar experiences with greater accessibility and amenities for travelers.

Common questions

What are the best things to do in kingman reef.

• Snorkeling and diving: Explore the stunning underwater world surrounding Kingman Reef, known for its rich marine life and vibrant coral reefs.
• Boat tours: Embark on a boat tour to admire the picturesque views of the surrounding waters and potentially spot marine wildlife.
• Relaxing on the beach: Unwind on the pristine sandy beaches of Kingman Reef and soak up the tranquil atmosphere.
• Photography: Capture the natural beauty of Kingman Reef through photography, from its crystal-clear waters to its breathtaking sunsets.
• Birdwatching: Witness the diverse bird species that inhabit the reef, making it a paradise for bird enthusiasts.

Is Kingman Reef suitable for snorkeling?

Can you go diving in kingman reef, what wildlife can be found in kingman reef.

• Fish: The reef is home to a wide variety of colorful fish, including parrotfish, angelfish, surgeonfish, and many more.
• Rays: Keep an eye out for graceful rays gliding through the waters around Kingman Reef.
• Sea turtles: These gentle creatures can often be spotted in the area, particularly near the coral reefs.
• Birds: Kingman Reef is a haven for birdwatchers, with several species of seabirds frequenting the area.

How do I get to Kingman Reef?

What is the climate like in kingman reef, are there accommodations available on kingman reef, can you swim near kingman reef, what is the best time to visit kingman reef, what are the entry requirements for visiting kingman reef, can you fish in kingman reef, is camping allowed on kingman reef.

Smithsonian Ocean

Kingman’s reef, line islands.

This photo of Kingman’s Reef in the Line Islands shows what a healthy coral reef should look like. The water is crystal clear. A variety of richly colored corals carpet the seabed. And a native predator, a red snapper, prowls for prey. The reason why this reef is so healthy is that it remains isolated from human impacts such as overfishing and pollution.

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Kingman Reef: A Little Kingman Geography

Kingman Reef is a largely submerged, uninhabited triangular shaped reef, 9.5 nautical miles east-west and 5 nautical miles north-south, located in the North Pacific Ocean, roughly half way between the Hawaiian Islands and American Samoa at 6°23′N 162°25′W. It is 930 nautical miles south of Honolulu.

The reef encloses a lagoon up to 270 feet deep in its western part. The total area within the outer rim of the reef is 29 sq mi. There are two small strips of dry land composed of coral rubble and giant clamshells on the eastern rim with areas of 2 acres and 1 acre having a coastline of 2 mi. The highest point on the reef is less than 5 feet above sea level, which is wetted or awash most of the time, making Kingman Reef a maritime hazard. It has no natural resources and supports no economic activity.

The atoll is closed to the public.

The pre-20th century names Danger Reef, Caldew Reef, Maria Shoal and Crane Shoal refer to this atoll, which by then was entirely submerged at high tide.

Kingman Reef was discovered by the American Captain Edmund Fanning of the ship Betsey on June 14, 1798. Captain W. E. Kingman (whose name the island bears) described it on November 29, 1853. It was claimed for the United States under the name “Danger Reef” by the Guano Islands Act of 1856.

The lagoon was used in 1937 and 1938 as a halfway station between Hawai’i and American Samoa by Pan American Airways flying boats (Sikorsky S-42B). Pan Am decided that the lagoon at Kingman Reef was suitable for overnight stops en route from the U.S to New Zealand via Samoa. Kingman Reef became the stopover to and from Pago Pago, American Samoa, located 1,600 miles further south. A supply ship, the North Wind, was stationed at Kingman Reef to provide fuel, lodging, and meals. The flight on January 11, 1938 ended in tragedy. Shortly after the early morning take off from Pago Pago, bound for New Zealand the plane burst into flames while dumping fuel, and there were no survivors. As a result of the tragedy, Pan Am ended flights to New Zealand via Kingman Reef and Pago Pago.

On December 29, 1934 the US Navy assumed jurisdiction over Kingman Reef. On September 1, 2000 the Navy relinquished its control over Kingman Reef to the US Department of the Interior and on January 18, 2001 the Secretary of the Interior signed Secretary’s Order 3223 establishing Kingman Reef as a National Wildlife Refuge including 484,000 acres. In January 2009, Kingman Reef was designated a marine national monument.

Kingman Reef supports a vast variety of marine life. Giant clams are abundant in the shallows, and there are approximately 38 genera and 130 species of stony corals present on the reef. This is more than three times the species diversity of corals found in the main Hawaiian Islands. The ecosystem of the reef and its subsequent food chain are known for the distinct quality of being primarily predator-based. The percentage of the total fish biomass on the reef is made up of 85% apex predators, creating a high level of competition for food and nutrients among local organisms — particularly sharks, jacks and other carnivores. The threatened green sea turtles that frequent nearby Palmyra atoll travel to Kingman Reef to forage and bask on the coral rubble spits at low tide.

Above sea level the reef is usually barren of macroorganisms, however. Mainly constructed of dead and dried coral skeletons, providing only calcite as a source of nutrients, the small and narrow strips of dry land are only habitable by a handful of species for short periods of time. Most flora which begin to grow above water — primarily coconut palms — die out quickly due to the fierce tides and lack of resources necessary to sustain plant life.

From Wikipedia

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Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument

Due to its remote location, the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument is not easily accessible to the general public. Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is the only refuge that allows recreational access with a visiting vessel  Special Use Permit . Access to all other refuges within the Monument are primarily limited to management activities or research through the use of a Special Use Permit.

Location and Contact Information

The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument was established on January 6, 2009, by President George W. Bush under the authority of the Antiquities Act of 1906, but expanded to its current size on September 25, 2014, by President Barack Obama. The Monument represents one of the last frontiers of scientific discovery in the world and is a safe haven for Central Pacific biodiversity. The Monument and the national wildlife refuges within it protect entire ecosystems – from coral reefs to deep seamounts, abyssal plain, and volcanic features.

The national wildlife refuges with the Monument are:

• Baker Island National Wildlife Refuge 
• Howland Island National Wildlife Refuge  
• Jarvis Island National Wildlife Refuge
• Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
• Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
• Wake Atoll National Wildlife Refuge
• Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge

Managed in partnership with the  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , the Service is dedicated to protecting and conserving the biodiversity that enriches the areas that make up the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. The PRIMNM is one of five Marine National Monuments co-managed by the Service. 

Our Organization

The primnm community group.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and  NOAA have a continued partnership with the Udall Foundation to enlist selected members of the community to form the  Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument Community Group . This group provides consultation to our agencies on Monument management, care, and effective stewardship, while also providing a forum to discuss ideas and opportunities regarding the management of the Monument, represented in the  Monument Management Plan .

Our Species

The Monument is home to one of the largest and most pristine collections of tropical islands, coral reef, seamounts and deep sea protected areas on the planet. Species such as sea turtles, marine mammals, whales, sharks, and manta rays have large migration and foraging ranges that exist throughout the expanded Monument.    

Home to  seabirds, shorebirds, rare plants, land crabs, vibrant coral reefs, sea turtles, whales and dolphins, sharks, manta rays and even the plankton that are the basis of ocean food-web; thousands of species - some that have large migration and foraging ranges - exist throughout the expanded Monument.    

Our Library

Here you will find library collections containing a variety of U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service publications, reports, fact sheets, media and documents along with other reference material.

Amateur radio operation is an existing use at Jarvis Island NWR; however, it is not a common use. The Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, and its predecessor, the Pacific Reefs National Wildlife Refuge Complex (Complex) receive sporadic requests (every few years) for amateur radio...

Get Involved

You can support your the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument or the national wildlife refuges within it by joining organizations such as the National Wildlife Refuge Association that actively supports and advocates for the National Wildlife Refuge System. Volunteer opportunities can also be found at  volunteer.gov . 

Projects and Research

Since the establishment of the Monument, the Service has worked with partner agencies in maintaining some of the most protected and biodiverse areas of the Pacific Ocean. The Monument contains significant objects of scientific interest and was designated to protect and sustain many endemic species, including corals, fish, shellfish, marine mammals, seabirds, water birds, land birds, insects, and vegetation. These areas also contain pristine deep sea and open ocean ecosystems with unique biodiversity, and approximately 348 seamounts that provide habitat for colonies of deepwater corals that are many thousands of years old.

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Discovering the Deep: Exploring Remote Pacific Marine Protected Areas

• Expeditions
• Exploring Remote Pacific Marine Protected Areas
• Conservation and Research Initiatives

Conservation and Research Initiatives at Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef

By Heidi Hirsh, Natural Resources Management Specialist - NOAA Fisheries Service, Marine National Monuments Program

Palmyra Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is home to some of the most pristine coral reefs in the world. Image courtesy of Kydd Pollock. Download larger version (jpg, 619 KB) .

Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef are home to some of the healthiest marine ecosystems in the world. They are reported to be among the most predator-dominated and biomass-rich reefs and atolls in the Central — and maybe the entire — Tropical Pacific Ocean. In 2010, one report  stated, “Kingman in particular is recognized as a near-pristine relic of natural reef ecosystems, and now represents the new baseline standard against which to compare other Central Pacific reefs degraded by human impact” (Maragos, et al., 2008).

From 2000 to 2016, NOAA Pacific Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program scientists and partners conducted monitoring in the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument at Palmyra and Kingman. Their findings show coral bleaching and stress from climate change. However, these ecosystems still thrive with great diversity and an abundance of marine life.

Shipwreck Removal

The iron that leached into the environment from this shipwreck on Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef had encouraged the growth of an invasive green algae. Image courtesy of Jim Maragos, USFWS. Download larger version (jpg, 592 KB) .

Though the above is great news, Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef are not free from human disturbances like abandoned shipwrecks, which can negatively affect ecosystems.

A carpet of the invasive corallimorph that is gaining nutrients from the wreck’s iron. Image courtesy of Susan White, USFWS. Download image (jpg, 48 KB) .

For example, within the last 15 years, two shipwrecks were abandoned in Palmyra and one in Kingman. They created a phenomenon called a "phase shift." A phase shift happens when once vibrant coral reefs become dominated with a single species and undergo relatively rapid degradation. Referred to as "black reefs," they become drab and dark in color. The iron in the Palmyra and Kingman shipwrecks fueled the growth of invasive organisms. In particular, corallimorph (an anemone-like organism closely related to reef-building corals) at Palmyra Atoll and filamentous algae at Kingman Reef smothered extensive areas of once-healthy, diverse coral.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) manages the Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuges within the Monument waters. They secured $5.5 million to have the three shipwrecks removed. In January 2014, they removed the F/V Hui Feng No. 1 , a 121-foot steel-hulled longline fishing vessel, and the Rust Island , a 1940s-era 64-foot by 28-foot steel pontoon barge, from Palmyra and an 85-foot teak fishing vessel of unknown origin from Kingman.

To remove the wrecks, the USFWS developed an elaborate plan involving cranes, barges, divers with surface-supplied air, and torches and saws. With the utmost care, they cut the wrecks into smaller pieces and removed them without damaging the healthy, surrounding corals. They transported a whopping one million pounds of scrap metal and materials to Long Beach, California, where it is being recycled and made into rebar or being disposed.

An aerial view of Palmyra from the east end. Image courtesy of Graeme Gale. Download larger version (jpg, 1.6 MB) .

The USFWS is conducting corallimorph control and removal efforts for the next several years, as well as transplanting corals to the shipwreck removal sites. Palmyra Atoll exhibits a very resilient ecosystem. Mangers have confidence that controlling and removing corallimorph will allow the once-beautiful coral reefs of the western terrace to recover naturally.

The USFWS managed this successful and complex operation. Global Diving and Salvage of Seattle, Washington, and Curtin Maritime of Long Beach, California, assisted them. The USFWS also collaborated with multiple partner agencies including The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, NOAA, and The Nature Conservancy.

Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium

The Nature Conservancy  owns Cooper Island within Palmyra and manages the atoll in partnership with the USFWS. In July 2004, The Nature Conservancy established the Palmyra Atoll Research Consortium (PARC). It fosters collaborative multi- and inter-disciplinary research. The consortium includes scientists from around the globe, including those from Stanford University, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, American Museum of Natural History in New York City, California Academy of Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, University of California at Irvine, University of Hawaiʻi, U.S. Geological Survey, and Victoria University of Wellington in New Zealand.

Palmyra functions as a living laboratory for terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Scientists are researching everything from the ocean currents to the various organisms that live there. The research conducted on global climate change, coral reefs, marine restoration, and invasive species at Palmyra serves to inform conservation strategies for island ecosystems throughout the Pacific and around the world.

A sooty tern colony on Palmyra Atoll. Image courtesy of Susan White, USFWS. Download larger version (jpg, 622 KB) .

Two successful projects conducted at Palmyra include:

• The USFWS led a project to remove rats . This helped to restore two land crab species; several native plants like the rare Pisconia trees; and at least 10 breeding seabird species, including the planet's largest colony of red-footed boobies. Since the removal, there have been dramatic increases in sooty terns, white terns, black noddies, brown noddies, and white-tailed tropicbirds. The recolonization of wedge-tailed shearwaters, blue noddies, and gray-backed terns appears imminent.
• Scientists conducted a study  to assess the effectiveness of a large marine protected area for reef shark conservation. They compared fishing activity from Global Fishing Watch  to the movements of tagged reef sharks throughout the 54,000 square kilometer Palmyra portion of the Monument. Their results show that two-thirds of the sharks remained within the Monument boundaries for the entire study duration, while all the fishing vessels remained outside. “Not only does this study demonstrate that establishing [Marine Protected Areas] can reduce fishing in environmentally important areas and protect critical species,” said David Kroodsma, research program manager for Global Fishing Watch and a co-author on the study, “but it also demonstrates that fishing activity in vast, remote areas of the ocean that have been previously invisible can now be monitored by everyone.” (Cutlip, 2017).

References Cited

Cutlip, Kimbra. (2017, January 31). A New View of Marine Protected Areas. GFW in Action. Retrieved from http://blog.globalfishingwatch.org/2017/01/a-new-view-of-marine-protected-areas/ 

Maragos, et al., Chapter 16, US Coral Reefs in the Line and Phoenix Islands, Central Pacific Ocean: Status, Threats, and Significance. In: B.M. Riegl and R.E. Dodge (eds.), Coral Reef of the USA, © Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2008.

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Deep Trouble

Coral reefs are clearly struggling. The only debate for marine scientists is whether the harm is being done on a local or global scale

Mark Schrope

Research has shown that, with paltry few exceptions, the planet's coral reefs have experienced a prolonged, devastating decline in recent decades. But determining which factor, or factors, is most responsible for that decimation has proved vastly more difficult. The result has been an ongoing, often contentious debate between those who believe that local factors such as overfishing and pollution are most to blame, and those who say global climate change is the main culprit. Solving the debate could be critical to determining how best to direct efforts and resources for restoring reefs, but definitive answers remain elusive, as two recent studies illustrate.

To help answer some of these questions, a team of researchers from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography set out in a converted World War II freighter in September 2005 to study reefs in the South Pacific's remote Line Islands. They have since returned to the area twice, most recently this past August.

The reefs they are studying follow a gradient of human influence, beginning with those near Christmas Island, with a population of roughly 10,000 people, and ending some 250 miles away at Kingman Reef, a U.S. protectorate that has never been inhabited and has been the target of very limited fishing. If global influences are the dominant factor in reef decline, the team hypothesized, then isolated Kingman should look as bad as, or worse than, Christmas reefs. But if human influence plays the larger role, then Christmas reefs would be in worse shape than Kingman.

The team completed uniquely comprehensive reef surveys at five areas, studying everything from bacteria to top predators to the corals themselves. Healthy corals take on the color of the microscopic algae living symbiotically within them, while dead corals may be white versions of their former selves, or reduced to rubble. Reefs found in the less populated areas were nothing short of awe-inspiring for their beauty and colorful inhabitants, most notably a massive numbers of sharks. "I realized, I'm no longer clearly the top of the food chain, I'm a member of the food chain," says study leader Stuart Sandin of his first dives.

The sharks were more than a humility check, however; the large number of them is actually indicative of good reef health, the researchers believe. The standard ecological model calls for a small volume of predators at the top of the pyramid, with simpler organisms comprising a much larger base. Instead, at the most remote Line Islands reefs, such as those at Kingman and Palmyra, the team found that fish made up some 80 percent of the reefs' total estimated biomass—half of which were sharks. Historical descriptions by whalers of some of the areas studied speak of trouble rowing because sharks would bite the oars, Sandin says, perhaps suggesting that, in the past, shark populations were even larger, and reefs therefore even healthier.

Though analyses are still underway, the researchers believe that this inverted ecological pyramid, possibly a sign of naturally healthy reefs, is the result of minimal fishing by humans.

Overall, the team found the Line Islands reefs farthest from Christmas Island to be the healthiest, with more coral cover and less macroalgae, or seaweed, overgrowing the reefs. Macroalgae can smother reefs, fill otherwise habitable nooks and cover food sources. One of the unique aspects of the Scripps work was that the team came equipped with a genetic sequencer that enabled them to analyze the types of bacteria in reef samples. These tests led to the conclusion that macroalgae secrete substances that support higher concentrations of bacteria, some of which can cause coral disease and death.

There is ongoing debate whether algae overgrowth of reefs is driven by pollution in the form of nutrients, chiefly nitrogen and phosphorus, which fertilize growth, or overfishing, which removes grazers that would otherwise keep macroalgae growth in check. Sandin believes their data show overfishing has driven algae spread at the reefs because nutrient levels were only slightly higher near Christmas Island, and levels at all reefs were higher than the threshold some researchers have proposed triggers algae overgrowth in other parts of the world. "But, I will agree that the jury is out," Sandin says. "We don't have conclusive evidence."

Researchers on all sides of the debate agree that today there is no such thing as a truly pristine reef, in large part because global warming has been linked to increased incidence of coral bleaching, which is caused by abnormally high water temperatures. Bleaching causes coral to lose the algae they depend on for most of their nutrition, making them more susceptible to disease and even killing them in some cases.

But Sandin and his colleagues suggest that human factors, whether pollution or overfishing, likely weaken reefs so that they become more susceptible to global-scale problems. Studies have shown that Kingman Reef has experienced very little bleaching—and significantly less than the reefs near Christmas Island. If global influences are the main driving force, Sandin says, then reef health should have been roughly the same at all the sites.

John Bruno, from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, believes that while there may be isolated cases where reef health seems to correlate with proximity to human populations, a broader view tells a different story. "My general impression is that the global influences seem to have much stronger impact, but I'm really careful not to totally write off local impacts," he says. Bruno and his colleagues recently analyzed various research surveys conducted at more than 2,500 reefs. They found no overall correlation between reef condition and distance from human populations. However, ocean dynamics are so complicated that simple distance may not be a good measure of human impact at many locations, he says. Commercial fishing, for example, can be quite concentrated far from any human settlement.

Bruno and a large team of collaborators are working to develop a computer grid that more accurately estimates human influence at points around the globe, taking into consideration currents, fishing exploitation and other factors. For their part, the Scripps team continues analyzing their massive dataset from the Line Islands, and will return there in 2009. But, if past results are any indicator, the debate is likely to extend well beyond then—as is reef decline.

Mark Schrope,  a freelance writer based in Melbourne, Florida, writes extensively on ocean topics.

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Eric Jaffe is a contributing writer to The Atlantic Cities and the author of the book The King's Best Highway: The Lost History of the Boston Post Road, the Route That Made America .

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40 facts about elektrostal.

Written by Lanette Mayes

Modified & Updated: 02 Mar 2024

Reviewed by Jessica Corbett

Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

• Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
• With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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