trip nutrition tribulus

Weight Management
Nutrition Facts
Nutrition Basics
Meal Delivery Services
Fitness Gear
Apparel & Accessories
Recipe Nutrition Calculator
Weight Loss Calorie Goal
BMI Calculator
Body Fat Percentage Calculator
Calories Burned by Activity
Daily Calories Burned
Pace Calculator
Editorial Process
Meet Our Review Board

The Benefits of Tribulus Terrestris

The Science Behind Tribulus

Jill is a registered dietitian who's been writing about nutrition, health, and fitness for more than 20 years.

Tyra Tennyson Francis, MD, is a board-certified family medicine physician and currently serves as the medical director of an outpatient clinic.

Richard Du Toit/Getty Images

Health Benefits

Possible side effects, dosage and preparation, what to look for, frequently asked questions.

If you’re searching the internet looking for a natural substance to increase your libido, you may run across Tribulus terrestris . Purportedly, this passion-inducing plant increases testosterone production and your sex drive.

Commonly known as Gokshur or Gokhara (puncture vine), the fruit, leaf, and root of tribulus is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and Ayurvedic medicine to treat a wide range of illnesses, diseases, and concerns like a low libido.

Though used as a form of traditional medicine for centuries, tribulus supplements have recently become popular because of how they may influence sexual health and improve athletic performance.

In folk medicine, tribulus terrestris is used as a diuretic, pain reliever, and appetite stimulant, as well as a treatment for kidney stones, high blood pressure , and urinary infections. But what does the research say about these health benefits?

Sexual Health

Research on whether tribulus terrestris boosts sex drive is mixed and inconclusive.

For premenopausal women struggling with a low sex drive, there is some evidence that the dietary supplement may boost desire, arousal, orgasm, and satisfaction, according to a 2018 clinical trial published in Gynecological Endocrinology . However, this was a small study that included only 40 participants and larger studies are needed to better understand the potential health benefits.

Tribulus has also been studied in men struggling with erectile dysfunction (ED) and low sex drive. A 2017 clinical trial published in Maturitas found that men who received a tribulus supplement reported better sexual function, satisfaction, desire, and orgasm than the men who received the placebo.

Though promising, clinical trials evaluating the benefits of tribulus on male sexual health has been inconsistent in terms of what researchers were investigating — ED, low libido, or both — and the tools used to evaluate efficacy — lab data measuring hormone levels versus a subjective questionnaire.

Athletic Performance

Tribulus terrestris is a popular supplement among athletes because of its androgenic effects, or how it stimulates testosterone production. Prolonged, intense exercise suppresses testosterone production, which negatively affects athletic performance. Supplementing with tribulus may boost testosterone, preventing this lull in performance.

However, a 2021 clinical study involving CrossFit® trained athletes found that supplementing with tribulus didn’t improve athletic performance or body composition. The authors noted that more research is needed to determine the potential benefits tribulus terrestris supplements may provide for athletes and gym-goers.

Another study involving a group of highly trained boxers published in 2017 in the Journal of Sport and Health Science found no improvements in muscle mass or testosterone levels when supplementing with tribulus terrestris. However, the trained boxers did experience less muscle damage and improvements in their anaerobic performance — high-intensity training.

Blood Pressure

In animal studies, tribulus terrestris may lower blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. However, it’s not clear whether this herbal supplement offers the same benefit to humans.

Kidney Stones

Kidney stones are a common condition that causes severe abdominal pain. In traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, tribulus terrestris is used as a treatment for kidney stones.

The plant may lower risk of kidney stones by increasing urination. Current research on the potential health benefits of tribulus terrestris for kidney stones is limited to animal studies.

Most research evaluating possible side effects of tribulus terrestris is limited to animal studies. In these studies, large doses of the herbal supplement were shown to cause damage to the heart, liver, and kidneys.

There is a case report of a young man who developed acute liver and kidney poisoning after taking high doses of tribulus terrestris over a two-day period to prevent kidney stones. Though this gentleman recovered, tribulus terrestris is on Dietary Supplement (DS) Toxic Table because it may cause kidney damage.

Tribulus supplements marketed to athletes to enhance performance or build muscle may contain ingredients not listed on the label, such as androgenic anabolic steroids or other banned substances. Taking a supplement with a banned may lead to accidental doping .

Tribulus terrestris supplements come in capsule and powder form, as well as a tea. In traditional medicine, all parts of the plant are used for treatment. However, the tribulus terrestris supplements you find online or on the shelves at your local health food store may contain extracts from the fruit, leaves, or root, or a combination of these plant parts.

There’s no standard dose for this herbal supplement and no known level of toxicity. Tribulus terrestris supplements may contain 250 milligrams to 750 milligram capsules. Follow the instructions on the Supplement Facts label for proper dosage and preparation.

Because tribulus terrestris is popular for sexual enhancement and athletic performance, you can find this supplement at health food stores, vitamin shops, and online retailers. Many of these herbal supplements contain other ingredients, and it’s not clear how these other ingredients affect the actions of the tribulus.

When looking for an herbal supplement like tribulus terrestris, read the list of active ingredients on the supplement facts label. This list gives you an idea of the ingredients that might have a strong effect on your body.

You also want to look for a trusted third-party label on your supplement, such as the U.S. Pharmacopeia, NSF International, or Consumer Labs. These labels indicate that the supplement was tested by an independent party.

According to the FDA, it’s illegal for nutritional supplement makers to make claims that their product can treat any specific disease or ease any symptoms of a disease. You shouldn’t purchase any supplement that makes health claims.

Before adding any dietary supplement like tribulus terrestris to your routine, talk to a health care provider for guidance.

There’s no set dose for the amount of tribulus terrestris you should take for bodybuilding. Studies investigating the use of the herbal supplement for muscle-building used doses ranging from 770 milligrams to 1,250 milligrams per day.

Speak with a health care provider for guidance on how much tribulus terrestris you should take, if any.

According to a nutrient analysis performed by the Department of Pure and Applied Science at Usmanu Danfodiyo University in Nigeria, a 100-gram serving of tribulus terrestris leaves has 292 calories, with 55% of calories coming from carbohydrates, 21% from protein, and 5% from fat.

Some supplements makers may recommend taking your tribulus terrestris with food; others may suggest taking the supplement on an empty stomach. Speak with a health care provider for guidance on if you should supplement with tribulus terrestris, and if so, how and when to take the recommended dosage.

Tribulus terrestris is a fast-growing plant. It grows best in dry to moist soil during the warmer months of the year. The plant won’t grow in a shady area and is sensitive to frost.

It’s most often found in subtropical and desert climate regions of the world, including the southern states in the US. Depending on where you live, you may be able to cultivate your own tribulus terrestris.

Ștefănescu R, Tero-Vescan A, Negroiu A, Aurică E, Vari CE. A comprehensive review of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Tribulus terrestris L . Biomolecules . 2020;10(5):752. doi:10.3390/biom10050752

Chhatre S, Nesari T, Somani G, Kanchan D, Sathaye S. Phytopharmacological overview of Tribulus terrestris . Pharmacogn Rev . 2014;8(15):45-51. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125530

Vale FBC, Zanolla Dias de Souza K, Rezende CR, Geber S. Efficacy of Tribulus Terrestris for the treatment of premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder: a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial . Gynecol Endocrinol . 2018;34(5):442-445. doi:10.1080/09513590.2017.1409711

Kamenov Z, Fileva S, Kalinov K, Jannini EA. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial . Maturitas . 2017;99:20-26. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.011

Fernández-Lázaro D, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Del Valle Soto M, Adams DP, González-Bernal JJ, Seco-Calvo J. The effects of 6 weeks of Tribulus terrestris L. supplementation on body composition, hormonal response, perceived exertion, and CrossFit® performance: a randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study . Nutrients . 2021;13(11):3969. doi:10.3390/nu13113969

Ma Y, Guo Z, Wang X. T ribulus terrestris extracts alleviate muscle damage and promote anaerobic performance of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: Roles of androgen, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3 . J Sport Health Sci . 2017;6(4):474-481. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.003

Kamrani Rad SZ, Javadi B, Hayes AW, KarimI G. Potential angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors from Iranian traditional plants described by Avicenna's Canon of Medicine . Avicenna J Phytomed . 2019;9(4):291-309.

Kamboj P, Aggarwal M, Puri S, Singla SK. Effect of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate-induced oxidative stress in rats . Indian J Nephrol . 2011;21(3):154-159. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.83727

Pokrywka A, Obmiński Z, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Fijałek Z, Turek-Lepa E, Grucza R. Insights into supplements with tribulus terrestris used by athletes . J Hum Kinet . 2014;41:99-105. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0037

National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements: What you need to know . Updated September 3, 2020.

Umar, Kabiru Jega. Nutrient Content of the leaves of tribulus terrestris . Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.2004.13. 15-27.

Plants for a Future. Tribulus terrestris - L .

Brown AC. Kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements: Online table of case reports. Part 3 of 5 series . Food Chem Toxicol . 2017;107(Pt A):502-519. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.024

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Tribulus terrestris . Updated May 5, 2020.

By Jill Corleone, RD Jill is a registered dietitian who's been learning and writing about nutrition for more than 20 years.

Brain Health
Children’s Health
Heart Health
Endocrine System
Mental Health
Skin & Hair Health
Weight Loss
Fats & Oils
Herbs & Spices
Nuts & Seeds
Supplements
Vitamins & Minerals
Main Dishes
Side Dishes & Soups
Sauces & Dressings
Recipe Search
Essential Oils
Injury & Rehab
News & Tips

Evidence Based

This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information.

With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to these studies.

The information in our articles is NOT intended to replace a one-on-one relationship with a qualified health care professional and is not intended as medical advice.

This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) are clickable links to medically peer-reviewed studies.

Our team includes licensed nutritionists and dietitians, certified health education specialists, as well as certified strength and conditioning specialists, personal trainers and corrective exercise specialists. Our team aims to be not only thorough with its research, but also objective and unbiased.

Tribulus Terrestris Supplement Benefits for Libido, Blood Sugar & More

By Rachael Link, MS, RD

September 28, 2018

Often dismissed as nothing more than an invasive and pesky weed popping up in yards across the country, you may want to think twice before pulling out the weed killer on this powerful medicinal plant.

As a staple in natural medicine for thousands of years, Tribulus terrestris has long been used to treat everything from sexual dysfunction to kidney stones and beyond. Nowadays, it’s much more common to grab a supplement at the store rather than brewing up the roots into a tea or tonic, but there’s no doubt that adding this incredible plant into your routine can come with some pretty impressive benefits when it comes to your health.

Ready to learn more? Let’s dig in and take a closer look at this super supplement and the beneficial effects that it has to offer.

What Is Tribulus Terrestris?

Tribulus terrestris , also known as the goathead weed, bindii and puncture vine, is a plant that belongs to the Zygophyllaceae family. It’s found around the world and grows well in dry climates, thriving in areas where other plants are unable to survive. It’s a small, flowering plant that produces a fruit made up of five spiky nutlets. The fruit is said to resemble the head of a goat or bull with horns sharp enough to cause injury to bare feet or puncture the wheels of a lawn mower.

Health Benefits

Enhances Libido
Acts as a Natural Diuretic
Relieves Inflammation
Lowers Blood Sugar
Improves Heart Health
May Help Fight Cancer

1. Enhances Libido

Tribulus terrestris is well-known for its natural ability to increase sex drive and improve sexual satisfaction. One study showed that taking Tribulus terrestris enhanced several measures of sexual function in women after just four weeks and led to improvements in desire, arousal, satisfaction, lubrication and pain. ( 1 )

Plus, according to a 2016 Tribulus terrestris review out of Bulgaria, it has also been shown to treat issues with sexual desire and prevent erectile dysfunction , although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. ( 2 )

2. Acts as a Natural Diuretic

Tribulus terrestris has been shown to work as a natural diuretic, helping to increase urine production and flush out the body. In fact, one in vitro study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology showed that treatment with Tribulus terrestris was able to promote diuresis, indicating that it may be an effective natural remedy in the treatment of kidney stones. ( 3 )

Natural diuretics like Tribulus terrestris may also have other beneficial effects on health and could help relieve bloating , lower blood pressure and enhance the body’s natural ability to filter out toxins through the waste.

3. Relieves Pain and Inflammation

Both in vitro and animal studies have found that Tribulus terrestris extract could have a powerful effect in relieving pain and inflammation . A study conducted by the Kerman Faculty of Pharmacy, for example, showed that administering high doses was effective at reducing pain levels in rats. ( 4 ) Meanwhile, other research shows that it could reduce levels of several markers of inflammation and also could help decrease swelling in animal models. ( 5 )

4. Lowers Blood Sugar

Some research shows that adding Tribulus terrestris to your routine may bring big benefits when it comes to managing blood sugar levels . One study found that taking a 1,000 milligram supplement each day was able to significantly reduce blood sugar levels in women with type 2 diabetes compared to a placebo after just three months. ( 6 )

Similarly, an animal study out of Shanghai showed that a specific compound found in Tribulus terrestris decreased blood sugar levels by up to 40 percent in mice with diabetes. ( 7 )

5. Improves Heart Health

Heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide and is considered a serious problem that affects millions around the globe. ( 8 ) Not only can Tribulus terrestris decrease inflammation , which is believed to play an integral role in heart health, but it has also been shown to reduce several risk factors of heart disease.

For instance, one study showed that taking 1,000 milligrams of Tribulus terrestris each day decreased levels of total and bad LDL cholesterol. ( 6 ) An animal study out of Istanbul had similar findings, reporting that it was able to protect the blood vessels against damage while also lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levels. ( 9 )

6. May Help Fight Cancer

Although research is still limited, some studies suggest that Tribulus terrestris may be beneficial as a natural cancer treatment . In fact, one in vitro study from Chungnam National University showed that it was able to induce cell death and block the spread of human liver cancer cells. ( 10 )

Other in vitro studies have found that it may also offer protection against both breast and prostate cancers as well. ( 11 , 12 ) However, more studies in humans are needed to determine how supplementation may impact cancer growth for the general population.

Side Effects

When used as directed, Tribulus terrestris is safe and has been associated with minimal side effects. Some of the most commonly reported adverse symptoms include:

Stomach pain
Constipation
Difficulty sleeping
Heavy menstrual bleeding

Additionally, some case reports and animal studies have also linked Tribulus terrestris to an increased risk of kidney problems, although this is very rare. ( 13 , 14 )

Tribulus terrestris is not recommended for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding, as it may interfere with fetal development. It may also interact with diabetes and blood pressure medications, so talk to your doctor before trying it if you are taking any of these medications.

Uses in Ayurveda and TCM

Also known as Gokshura, or “cow’s hoof,” in Ayurveda, Tribulus terrestris is often used as an aphrodisiac and natural diuretic. It’s believed to treat kidney stones, heart disease, cough, difficulty breathing and issues with urination. It’s also thought to stimulate the stomach and pacify the vata dosha. ( 15 )

Meanwhile, in Traditional Chinese Medicine , the fruits of the Tribulus terrestris have also been used to treat swelling, eye problems, stomach bloating and sexual problems. According to the Shern-Nong Pharmacopoeia, the oldest known pharmacological work in China, it can also help restore the liver, treat mastitis , prevent flatulence, relieve headaches and protect against acute conjunctivitis, or pink eye . ( 5 )

Tribulus Terrestris vs. Testosterone

Testosterone is an important hormone that plays a key role in several different aspects of overall health, especially when it comes to maintaining body composition and boosting strength. While Tribulus terrestris was initially thought to increase levels of testosterone in the body, multiple studies have since debunked this claim. ( 2 )

That being said, there are some definite similarities between the two when it comes to their respective effects on health. For example, like Tribulus terrestris , testosterone is believed to play a role in sexual function and testosterone therapy is commonly used to improve arousal and sexual satisfaction in both men and women. ( 16 , 17 ) Testosterone is also thought to be involved in heart health, maintaining normal blood sugar levels and controlling inflammation. ( 18 , 19 )

However, testosterone also affects health in several other ways as well. In fact, some studies show that testosterone therapy could be beneficial for weight loss, strength training and bone health. ( 20 , 21 , 22 ) Reducing stress levels, increasing physical activity and consuming a heathy, well-rounded diet with plenty of foods rich in zinc are just a few simple ways to boost testosterone levels naturally.

Dosage and Supplements

Dosage for Tribulus terrestris capsules can range from 250–1,500 milligrams daily for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Supplements also typically list the concentration of saponins, which are the beneficial compound found within Tribulus terrestris extract that are believed to be responsible for their effects on health. This amount can influence how much Tribulus terrestris you should take; most supplements contain 45–60 percent saponins, so if yours contains a higher amount, you’ll need a lower dosage to achieve the same results.

That being said, it’s always best to follow the dosage instructions listed on your Tribulus terrestris supplement to maximize the effectiveness. You may also want to start with a lower dose and slowly work your way up to assess your tolerance.

Tribulus terrestris is available in capsule, powder or liquid extract form, depending on your personal preference, and can be found in most pharmacies and health stores as well as online retailers. Check the ingredients label carefully and select a supplement with minimal added ingredients or fillers to get the most bang for your buck.

How to Use Tribulus Terrestris

There are several options for getting in your daily dose of Tribulus terrestris . Capsules can be separated into several doses and taken with meals throughout the day. Alternatively, you can also try adding a few teaspoons of liquid extract or powder to juice, water, shakes or smoothies.

History/Facts

Tribulus terrestris can be found around the world and goes by many different names. It’s also often referred to as devil’s weed, caltrops, bindii, goat head weed or puncture vine. Its name is thought to be derived from the Greek word “tribulos” meaning “water chestnut” or the Latin word “tribulus,” which translates to “caltrop,” a type of spiky weapon.

Although it has been widely used in many forms of holistic medicine throughout history, it gained widespread popularity as a dietary supplement in the 1970s. Many people began using Tribulus terrestris for bodybuilding believing that it would increase testosterone levels and could help enhance strength and muscle mass. However, controlled trials and Tribulus terrestris reviews show that while the supplement does come with an extensive list of health benefits, it’s unlikely to increase testosterone or affect body composition. (2, 23 )

These days, it’s mostly used to prevent and treat sexual dysfunction but has also been associated with many other potential benefits, including reduced cholesterol levels and relief from pain and inflammation.

Risks and Interactions

Tribulus terrestris is generally safe and can be used with minimal risk of side effects. However, some of the most common Tribulus terrestris side effects include mild symptoms like stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea . Animal models and human case reports have also tied supplementation to an increased risk of kidney problems, but this is considered very rare. (13, 14)

If you’re taking other medications or having any underlying health conditions, it’s best to talk to your doctor before starting Tribulus terrestris . This is important because it may interact with certain medications and decrease their effectiveness, including those for high blood pressure or diabetes.

Additionally, if you are pregnant or breastfeeding, Tribulus terrestris is not recommended, as some animal models have found that it may interfere with proper fetal development. ( 24 )

Final Thoughts

Tribulus terrestris is a plant with powerful medicinal properties that has been used in natural medicine for centuries.
Some potential Tribulus terrestris benefits include improved blood sugar levels, enhanced heart health, decreased pain and inflammation and increased libido. It’s also believed to have anti-cancer properties and may act as a natural diuretic in the body as well.
Common side effects are mild and generally include symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain. In rare cases, it may also be associated with kidney problems and could cause issues with fetal development during pregnancy.
Dosage can range from 250–1,500 milligrams per day, depending on many factors such as the saponin content of your supplement. Follow the manufacturer’s directions carefully or try adding a few teaspoons of powder or liquid extract to smoothies or beverages for an extra dose of health benefits.

Let's Be Friends

🚚 Fast NZ Wide Delivery 🚚

💪🏼 FREE Shipping On Orders $60+ 💪🏼

🇳🇿 NZ Owned & Operated 🇳🇿

Sales & Specials
Top 50 Products
New & Trending
Goals & Lifestyle
Performance
Vitamins & Health

Trip Nutrition Tribulus Caps

description
nutrition facts

Get the staples you need at an affordable price with Trip Nutrition’s essential supplement range. Tribulus is a key part of your sports supplement routine for maintaining natural testosterone levels and supporting muscle building and performance.

Supplementing with Tribulus can aid in maintaining your own natural levels of testosterone to ensure that anabolic hormone levels that promote muscle building remain high. The active ingredient in Tribulus is Saponin, which works by stimulating the body’s production of LH (or pre-testosterone). This then promotes the production of testosterone, the key male hormone responsible for helping to add lean body mass, increase metabolism and keep libido or sex drive levels high.

Use Trip Nutrition Tribulus to help with:

Natural testosterone balance
Support for muscle building
Increased endurance and stamina
Improved sexual drive and performance

The Nutritional Information stated above should be used as a guide only. Actual values may change from time to time if the manufacturers update their formulation. Values will also vary depending on flavours and sizes.

Please click here to contact us if you have any questions regarding this product's ingredients.

reviews (No reviews yet)
Write a review

Get 5% Off Your Order

(We'll email your code straight away)

Your cart ( 0 item s )

Order subtotal: $0.00
Est. Shipping & Handling: $0.00
Subtotal: -$NaN

You Qualify for FREE Shipping!

What Is Tribulus Terrestris | How Does It Work?

What is Tribulus Terrestris?
What is Tribulus Made From?

How Does It Work?

Who should take tribulus, when should you take it, are there any side effects.

What Is Tribulus Terrestris ?

What is tribulus made from.

Although there are a wide range of potential benefits for tribulus based on the compounds it contains, early research supports using tribulus for increasing gonadotropic hormones (the hormones that help make testosterone) in both men and women. 1

Males who took tribulus in a research study showed increased levels of testosterone. 2 These hormones can improve muscle building and performance in and outside of the gym. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid tribulus to make sure it does not impact their hormone levels.

Another common reason people take tribulus is for chest pain, or angina. 2 If you think this might be useful for you, talk to your GP first to make sure that it's a good choice for you.

Tribulus also typically lowers your blood sugar, so people who are concerned about blood sugar control could see a benefit along with a healthy eating plan. 1 Again, it’s important that you seek advice from your doctor before trying this.

Feeling weak, light headed, or shaky
Trouble sleeping
Upset stomach

Frequently Asked Questions about Tribulus

Is tribulus a steroid.

Tribulus is not a steroid. It contains steroidal compounds, but even athletes who supplemented regularly with tribulus did not impact their blood levels enough to fail any performance-enhancing drug tests. 2

How Long Does Tribulus Take to Work?

What part of the plant is used to make tribulus, take home message.

Our articles should be used for informational and educational purposes only and are not intended to be taken as medical advice. If you're concerned, consult a health professional before taking dietary supplements or introducing any major changes to your diet.

How To Ripen Avocados In Literally Minutes (Or Days, If You Prefer)

Simplify Your Nutrition With Goal-Focused Supplement Bundles

The Benefits Of A Weight Training Programme

The Yoga Edit: Everything You Need To Flow

Carb Refeeds | Boosting Your Leptin Hormone For Fat Loss

27 Protein Pancake Recipes That’ll Keep You Full Until Lunch

What To Eat After Your First Gym Session Back

Clear Whey Protein Trifle | Macro-Friendly Dessert

Diseases and Conditions

Tribulus terrestris: Health Benefits, Dose & Side Effects

Tribulus terrestris is an adaptogenic medicinal plant that is rich in protodioscin, protogracillin, quercetin, kaempferol and isoramnetin. These are compounds with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and energizing action, which can help to improve physical and mental wellbeing.

This medicinal plant is often regarded as “natural Viagra”, Gokshura or abrojo, as terrestris also has aphrodisiac properties. It improve fertility and increase libido in men and women.

Tribulus terrestris can be purchased in pharmacies and health food stores. It is available in in powder and capsule form, and should be used under the guidance of a doctor or other medicinal plant specialist.

Health benefits

The main health benefits of Tribulus terrestris are:

Increasing libido in men and women: by stimulating excitement and reducing pain during sexual intercourse to promote orgasm;
Combating impotence in men: because it stimulates blood vessel dilation, facilitating blood flow to the penis;
Relieving menopause symptoms: byreducing hot flashes, irritability and vaginal dryness;
Preventing cardiac disease: by having antioxidant and relaxing action, improving blood circulation and regulating blood cholesterol levels;
Preventing diabetes: as it improves the action of insulin in the body to regulate blood sugar levels.

In addition, Tribulus terrestris contains protodioscin and protogracillin, which are bioactive compounds that increase DHEA levels in the body and stimulate the conversion of testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. This can help to facilitate muscle mass gain.

Recommended dose

Tribulus terrestris can be taken in capsule or powder form:

Tribulus terrestris in capsules: the recommended dose varies according to the patient's health goal, age, sex and health status. However, the general recommended dose is 250 to 1500 mg per day, taken during meals, for up to 90 days.
Tribulus terrestris powder : the recommended dose varies between 0.5 g and 3 g per day, which must be divided into a maximum of 3 doses and taken for up to 3 months. This supplement can be diluted in water, juices, teas and soups.

Tribulus terrestris can be sold on its own or compounded with other plants, such as Peruvian maca, for example. Read more about the health benefits of maca root and how to take it.

Before starting to take Tribulus terrestris , you should consult a doctor or medicinal plant specialist, as dosage varies depending on each patient's health goals and health status.

Possible side effects

Some of the most common side effects that may occur while using Tribulus terrestris include stomach pain, diarrhea, headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, agitation, difficulty sleeping or increased menstrual flow.

When used in excess and for a long time, Tribulus terrestris can cause changes to your menstrual cycle, acne, prostate enlargement, and kidney or liver damage.

Contraindications for use

Tribulus terrestris is not recommended for children, pregnant women or breastfeeding women. This plant is also not recommended for men with an enlarged prostate, people with cardiovascular diseases (e.g. hypertension), liver disease or those undergoing lithium treatment.

Furthermore, Tribulus terrestris can increase or decrease the effect of your medications and, therefore, you should always inform your doctor about all medications you are taking.

Clinical review:

Registered Nurse

Postgraduate degree in Medicinal Plant Therapy, and Nursing degree obtained through the Porto Nursing School. Licensed to practice with the Ordem dos Enfermeiros (PT) under license #79026.

Was this information helpful?

20 December, 2023 (Current version) Updated by Daisy Oliveira - Registered Nurse
20 September, 2023 Clinical review by Manuel Reis - Registered Nurse Updated by Daisy Oliveira - Registered Nurse
Published in September, 2023
LEISEGANG, Kristina, FINELLI, Renata. Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review . Arab Journal od Urology. Vol.19. 3.ed; 323-339, 2021
SOUSA, C, Amanda; LIMA, A, Mizael. Tribulus terrestris Linn como tratamento da sintomatologia da menopausa: uma revisão sistemática . Fitos. Vol.13. 2.ed; 195-203, 2019
Ștefănescu, Ruxandra; et al. A Comprehensive Review of the Phytochemical, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Properties of Tribulus terrestris L . Biomolecules . 2020 May 12;10(5):752. 10. 5; 1-32, 2020
POKRYWKA, Andrzej; et al. Insights into Supplements with Tribulus Terrestris used by Athletes . J Hum Kinet. 41. 99–105, 2014
ROGERSON, Shane; et al. The effect of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league players . J Strength Cond Res. 21. 2; 348-53, 2007
SANTOS, Heitor O.; et al. Beyond tribulus (Tribulus terrestris L.): The effects of phytotherapics on testosterone, sperm and prostate parameters . Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 235. 392–405, 2019
GamalEl Din, Sameh Fayek. Role of Tribulus terrestris in Male Infertility: Is It Real or Fiction? . Journal of Dietary Supplements. 15. 6; 1010-1013, 2017
ZHU, Wenyi; et al. A review of traditional pharmacological uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of Tribulus terrestris . Chem Cent J. 11. 1-16, 2017

More on this subject

Soursop: 10 Health Benefits, Tea Recipes, & Nutritional Info

Soursop is a fruit with a green peel and spikes on the outside, and a soft, white pulp on the inside. It tastes sweet and is slightly acidic, and can be consumed raw or used in smoothies, desserts, and juices. Learn about the soursop benefits you can obtain how to make soursop tea and other soursop recipes.

Rosemary Tea: 10 Health Benefits, How to Make & Side Effects

Rosemary tea can promote hair growth, improve digestion, and help to fight infection and inflammation. Learn about the other health benefits that this easy-to-make tea contains, and how to take full advantage of all the benefits this plant has to offer.

Right Side Abdominal Pain: 8 Top Causes (& Related Symptoms)

Right side abdominal pain is typically not serious and is usually just a sign of built-up gas in the intestine. However, it can be a concern if the pain on the right side is very intense or if it lasts for a long time. Learn about 8 common causes of right-sided abdominal pain and when to worry and go to the hospital.

Horsetail Tea: 7 Health Benefits, How to Make & Side Effects

Horsetail is a medicinal plan that is very popular and used as a home remedy to improve the appearance of hair and nails, as well as treat fluid retention and promote weight loss. It can be used as a natural diuretic as well, making it beneficial for UTI treatment. Learn how to make horsetail tea and its side effects .

How to Throw Up: 10 Tips to Vomit Safely (& When)

To make yourself throw up, there are tips for reducing discomfort, like washing your hands and drinking water. The vomit reflex should only be induced when there is a medical indication or if you have eaten something that may have been spoiled. Learn how to vomit safely and the risks associated with frequent vomiting.

Pain in Lower Left Abdomen: 13 Possible Causes

Pain in the lower left abdomen is usually a sign of gas or constipation, but it can also be a sign of more serious conditions such as kidney stones, endometriosis, or diverticulitis. Learn about what causes lower left abdominal pain and what .

Headache on the Left Side of Head: 7 Causes (& What to Do)

Headaches on the left side of the head are generally caused by mild blows or head wounds, ear infections or migraines. They can occur with symptoms like nausea, light sensitivity and difficulty chewing. Learn about what causes headaches on the left side how to treat them.

Ashwagandha: Benefits, How to Use & Side Effects

Ashwagandha, also know as Indian Ginseng, is a medicinal plant that is used to help improve physical and mental performance. Learn more about the health benefits of ashwagandha root, how to take it and possible side effects.

Tribulus Terrestris Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage

SelfHacked has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed. We believe that the most accurate information is found directly in the scientific source.

We are dedicated to providing the most scientifically valid, unbiased, and comprehensive information on any given topic.

Our team comprises of trained MDs, PhDs, pharmacists, qualified scientists, and certified health and wellness specialists.

All of our content is written by scientists and people with a strong science background.

Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. Our science team must pass long technical science tests, difficult logical reasoning and reading comprehension tests. They are continually monitored by our internal peer-review process and if we see anyone making material science errors, we don't let them write for us again.

Our goal is to not have a single piece of inaccurate information on this website. If you feel that any of our content is inaccurate, out-of-date, or otherwise questionable, please leave a comment or contact us at [email protected].

Note that each number in parentheses [1, 2, 3, etc.] is a clickable link to peer-reviewed scientific studies. A plus sign next to the number “[1+, 2+, etc...]” means that the information is found within the full scientific study rather than the abstract.

Tribulus is an herb that has been used in various systems of traditional medicine for enhancing libido, fertility, and vitality. Read on to learn about its active components, the theory of how it could work, and the potential dangers of supplementation.

What is Tribulus Terrestris?

Tribulus ( Tribulus terrestris ) is a plant that grows in the Mediterranean and in subtropical and desert regions around the world, including India, Vietnam, China, Spain, Mexico, and Bulgaria. This common weed is particularly well-adapted to warm, dry regions. It got its nicknames “puncture vine” and “devil’s thorn” from the spikes that cover its fruits [ 1 , 2 ].

Although there are over 25 species of tribulus plants, most of the research focused on Tribulus terrestris [ 3 , 4 ].

This plant has a long history of use in ancient medicine systems. As part of Indian and Chinese traditional medicine, the roots and the fruits of tribulus were considered remedies for numerous ailments and used as general health tonics. Its historical uses include boosting libido and fertility, flushing fluid buildup (edema), reducing kidney stones, and fighting urinary tract infections [ 1 ].

Today, tribulus is commonly marketed and supplemented for increasing testosterone , libido and strength. Tribulus supplements are popular performance enhancers among bodybuilders. Others take tribulus for its alleged heart-protective effects or to remedy sexual issues.

As the popularity of tribulus increased, so did the misconceptions and false information surrounding its use. For one, taking tribulus to boost testosterone and athletic performance probably won’t work. Tribulus may help with sexual dysfunction and low libido, but its active compounds seem to have a testosterone-independent mechanism of action [ 4 ].

Additionally, tribulus supplements have not been approved by the FDA for medical use. Supplements generally lack solid clinical research. Regulations set manufacturing standards for them but don’t guarantee that they’re safe or effective. Speak with your doctor before supplementing.

Active Components

Scientists believe that saponins and flavonoids in tribulus are responsible for the effects of this plant. Of these, the steroidal saponin protodioscin is the most important one. Extracts of tribulus are usually standardized to contain a certain percentage of saponins in the form of protodioscin [ 5 , 1 , 6 ].

Other active components found in the tribulus plant include [ 1 , 5 ]:

Alkaloids (harmane, nonharmane, tribulusterine)
Phenolic amides (terrestrosides A and B)
Phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol)
Organic acids (cinnamic acid, vanillic acid, Tribulus acid)
Amino acids (alanine and threonine)

The roots primarily contain the saponins protodioscin, diosgenin, and tribulosin. They also contain a protein that prevents the buildup of kidney stones [ 7, 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ].

The fruits contain the phenolic amides tribulusamides A-D and other saponins (terrestriamide and terrestrosides A and B) [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15, 16 , 17 ].

The saponin profile varies depending on where the plant is grown. For example, studies suggest that varieties in southeast Europe (e.g. Bulgaria and Greece) have over 30 times the amount of protodioscin than varieties in Western Asia [ 18 ].

Mechanism of Action

Researchers have proposed the following mechanism of action of the active compounds found in tribulus.

The steroidal saponin protodioscin is thought to be responsible for the libido-enhancing effects of this plant. It acts as an aphrodisiac, increasing sexual activity and blood flow to the sexual organs (by boosting nitric oxide) [ 19 , 20 ].
Other saponins (terrestrosides A and B and terrestrosin D) are a target of cancer research in cell culture [ 17 ].
Other active compounds (such as tribulosin and tribulusamides) are being investigated for affecting inflammation and survival of healthy cells exposed to stress [ 11 , 12 , 16 , 13 , 21 ].

The concentration of these active compounds in different formulations varies.

For more about the potential benefits of tribulus, check out this post .

Supplement Forms & Dosage

Although tribulus can be supplemented as powdered root or fruit , extracts are much more common . Extracts are usually standardized to contain 15-60% total saponins (~45% is typical) and at least 6% protodioscin [ 22 , 4 , 23 ].

Tribulus varieties that grow in eastern Europe have much higher protodioscin (and much lower tribulosin) levels than those grown in India and Vietnam. If you’re seeking libido enhancement, protodioscin is the most important compound you should look for [ 24 ].

Tribulus is sometimes combined with other herbs, such as:

Boerhaavia diffusa in the supplement formulation Unex, used for kidney stones [ 25 , 26 ].
Sea oak kelp ( Ecklonia bicyclis ) and D- glucosamine , in a formulation called Tradamixina. This product is used for increasing libido and sexual function and improving urinary issues in men with benign prostate hyperplasia [ 27 , 28 ].

Dangerous, Laced Products

Due to the lack of regulation in the supplement industry , it was discovered that some tribulus products were contaminated with anabolic steroids . As is usually the case, the banned steroids weren’t listed on the label. This may result in unintentional doping violations in athletes. The Australian Institute of Sport classifies tribulus as a substance with “high risk of contamination” that should not be used by athletes [ 29 ].

Side Effects & Precautions

Common Side Effects

The following side effects have been reported in clinical trials:

Abdominal pain
Constipation

Two cases of kidney damage (nephrotoxicity) from tribulus tablets or tribulus water have been reported.

Tribulus fruit should not be eaten. Consuming the spine-covered fruit has been reported to cause serious respiratory problems (pneumothorax and bronchial polyp).

Prostate Effects

Tribulus increased prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels by 20% in a study of 70 men who took 750 mg daily. PSA may be higher in men with prostate cancer and other prostate disorders and is sometimes used by doctors to screen and monitor these conditions [ 23 ].

Ulcers are sometimes caused by long-term, high-dose NSAIDs. In a comparison study in mice, Tribulus reduced pain similar to the NSAID aspirin, but it still caused ulcers (though reportedly less than aspirin) [ 30 ].

Liver and Kidney Health Concerns

On the one hand, some studies point to the liver- and kidney-protective benefits of tribulus. In mice, it lowered levels of a marker of liver damage (the enzyme ALT ), reduced oxidative stress, and increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver, and protected the liver and kidneys from damage due to toxic substances [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].

The compounds tribulusamides (A, B, and D) and quercetin isolated from tribulus fruit are also being studied for their potentially protective effects in liver cells [ 15 , 12 ].

However, other studies suggest that tribulus may damage the liver and kidneys . In one study, Tribulus damaged the kidneys of rats. Goats that were fed high-dose tribulus experienced damaged liver and kidneys, while sheep fed 80% tribulus and 20% hay and wheat were left with similar damage (and increased liver enzymes) [ 35 , 36 , 37 ].

The most serious recorded case is of a man who drank 2 L of tribulus water had dangerously high AST and ALT levels. His kidneys started to suffer and he experienced seizures. The symptoms improved once he stopped taking tribulus. The exact dosage he was taking remains unknown. In another study, 750 mg/day of tribulus only mildly raised the liver enzyme AST (by 5%) [ 38 , 23 ].

Drug Interactions

Blood sugar-lowering drugs.

Tribulus may theoretically reduce blood sugar by increasing insulin levels. The combination of blood sugar-lowering drugs may cause excessive drops in blood sugar [ 39 , 40 , 41 ].

Blood Pressure-Lowering and Heart Rate-Lowering Drugs

Tribulus may reduce blood pressure and heart rate. The combination of blood pressure- and heart-rate-lowering drugs may further lower blood pressure and heart rate [ 42 ].

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs

Tribulus may reduce cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The combination of cholesterol-lowering drugs may further lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels [ 43 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 ].

Tribulus may act as a diuretic by increasing the amount of fluids and minerals the body releases in the urine. This may increase lithium levels. The combination of diuretics may further decrease fluid flushing and mineral balance [ 47 ].

For increasing libido and sexual function, and for lowering blood sugar, the dose of extracts in clinical trials ranged between 750 mg and 1,500 mg daily (divided into three doses) [ 22 , 48 , 49 , 20 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 23 , 53 ].

Between 1g and 3g daily of the extract was used in studies examining a cholesterol-lowering effect [ 39 , 42 ].

Using 12g/day of an Ayurvedic tribulus fruit powder was effective for increasing fertility in men [ 54 ].

10 Uses of Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium) Tea & Extract

Horse chestnut (aesculus hippocastanum) for vein problems + other potential benefits & side effects, benefits of caralluma fimbriata + reviews & side effects.

Tribulus: Everything You Need to Know About It

Tribulus , scientifically referred to as Tribulus Terrestris is a plant with a history rooted in traditional medicine and a growing reputation in modern wellness circles.

Tribulus: A Botanical Marvel

Tribulus is a hardy, low-growing plant native to regions in Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. Its distinctive features include spiky fruits with sharp thorns, which have earned it the common names “puncture vine” and “goat’s head.” Despite its rugged appearance, this plant has been used for centuries in various traditional medicine systems for its potential health benefits.

Tribulus Across Cultures

Tribulus has a rich and diverse history of use in different cultures. In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it is known as “bai ji li” and has been employed to address various health concerns. Similarly, Ayurveda, the ancient healing system of India, has recognized Tribulus as a valuable herb. It’s essential to note that different cultures have used Tribulus in distinct ways, highlighting its adaptability and versatility.

The Power Lies in the Fruit

Tribulus’s medicinal potential lies primarily in its fruit, which contains active compounds. These include saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and sterols, which have garnered scientific interest for their various health-enhancing properties.

Tribulus in Modern Times

In recent years, Tribulus has gained popularity in the realm of health and wellness. It is often marketed as a natural supplement, and its proponents tout its potential benefits for various aspects of well-being. As with any herbal remedy, it’s crucial to understand what the science says and how Tribulus might fit into your health journey.

Tribulus Benefits, Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

Spiritual and ceremonial significance.

Tribulus holds a special place in the realm of spirituality and traditional ceremonies. Many cultures around the world have recognized its significance in rituals and practices that honor the natural world and connect us to a higher plane of existence.

Tribulus, with its rich history and extensive geographical distribution, has found its way into the spiritual and ceremonial practices of various cultures. Let’s explore some of the ways in which Tribulus has been honored and used in these contexts:

Ayurvedic Traditions : In Ayurveda, Tribulus is considered a sacred herb with rejuvenating properties. It is often used in traditional ceremonies and rituals to honor health and well-being.
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) : In TCM, Tribulus is associated with promoting vitality and energy. It is sometimes incorporated into spiritual practices to enhance the connection between mind, body, and spirit.
Native American Traditions : In Native American cultures, certain indigenous tribes have used Tribulus, among other plants, in ceremonial practices and rituals. Its presence is believed to purify and protect.
Shamanic Journeys : In shamanic traditions, Tribulus has been used to induce altered states of consciousness. Its properties are thought to facilitate the connection with the spirit world, providing insight and guidance.
Sacred Anointing : In some cultures, the thorns of the Tribulus plant have been used in ceremonial anointing. This practice is believed to invoke protection, cleanse the spirit, and align with higher energies.

Tribulus in Modern Spirituality

In contemporary times, as people explore holistic and spiritual approaches to wellness, Tribulus continues to have a place in these practices. Some individuals incorporate Tribulus into their meditation or yoga routines to enhance their spiritual experiences.

Bringing Tribulus into Your Spiritual Practice

If you’re intrigued by the spiritual significance of Tribulus and wish to incorporate it into your own practices, consider the following:

Consult a Practitioner : Seeking guidance from an experienced spiritual practitioner or herbalist can be valuable. They can provide insights into the best ways to use Tribulus in your spiritual journey and its potential effects.
Safe and Mindful Use : Like any spiritual tool, Tribulus should be used with care and respect. Ensure you’re informed about its properties and effects, and use it in a setting where you feel safe and focused.
Exploration : Every person’s spiritual journey is unique. Experiment with Tribulus in different ways to see how it resonates with your own experiences and intentions. Whether you burn it as incense, create an herbal bath, or incorporate it into your meditation practice, the possibilities are vast.

Remember, the spiritual significance of Tribulus is deeply personal and varies across cultures and individuals. Whether you’re exploring it for its health benefits or as a spiritual aid, approach it with an open heart and a sense of reverence for the wisdom of nature.

Find the Best Tribulus Products

Thousands of customer reviews are available to help you make the right choice. Embrace the power of nature!

Tribulus Main Benefits

Tribulus is increasingly gaining recognition in the modern world for its array of potential health benefits. Here are diverse ways in which Tribulus can positively impact your well-being:

Libido and Sexual Health

Tribulus has gained notoriety for its potential to enhance libido and sexual health. It is believed to increase testosterone levels, which can lead to improved sexual desire and performance. Some individuals use Tribulus to address concerns related to erectile dysfunction and fertility.

Athletic Performance

Athletes and fitness enthusiasts have turned to Tribulus for its potential to enhance athletic performance. It is thought to increase muscle mass and improve stamina. The herb’s adaptogenic properties may help the body adapt to physical stress and recover more efficiently.

Heart Health

Tribulus is rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the cardiovascular system from oxidative stress and inflammation. These properties may contribute to overall heart health by reducing the risk of heart disease.

Blood Sugar Control

Research suggests that Tribulus may have a positive effect on blood sugar levels. It may help regulate glucose metabolism, making it a potential supplement for individuals with diabetes or those looking to manage their blood sugar levels.

Immune System Support

The immune-boosting potential of Tribulus is also of interest. It may help strengthen the body’s defense mechanisms, making it a valuable addition to your wellness regimen, particularly during flu season or when combating minor illnesses.

Urinary Health

Tribulus has been used traditionally to support urinary health. It may help with issues related to the urinary system, such as urinary tract infections and kidney stones.

Inflammation and Joint Health

Tribulus’s anti-inflammatory properties can be beneficial for individuals dealing with joint pain and inflammation. It may offer relief to those suffering from conditions like arthritis.

Antioxidant Properties

Tribulus is rich in antioxidants, which can help protect your cells from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. This protective effect may reduce the risk of chronic diseases and promote overall well-being.

Stress and Anxiety Management

The adaptogenic properties of Tribulus may help the body cope with stress more effectively. It may contribute to a sense of calm and emotional balance, making it a potential natural remedy for anxiety.

Skin Health

Tribulus’s antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties extend to skin health. It may assist in managing skin conditions like acne and dermatitis by reducing inflammation and protecting the skin from oxidative stress.

Menopausal Symptoms

Some women use Tribulus to alleviate symptoms associated with menopause, such as hot flashes, mood swings, and sleep disturbances. Its potential hormonal-balancing effects may provide relief.

Digestive Health

Tribulus may support digestive health by helping to soothe the digestive tract and maintain a balanced gut microbiome. It can contribute to improved nutrient absorption and reduced digestive discomfort.

While Tribulus holds significant potential for various aspects of well-being, it’s essential to approach its use with knowledge and awareness. As with any natural remedy or supplement, its effectiveness may vary from person to person.

Complementing Herbs

When it comes to Tribulus, its potential health benefits can be magnified when combined with other complementary herbs. Some of these are:

Maca (Lepidium meyenii)

Maca is celebrated for its ability to enhance energy, stamina, and sexual performance. When paired with Tribulus, the two herbs can create a potent blend for those seeking to boost libido and overall vitality.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera)

Ashwagandha is an adaptogenic herb known for its stress-reducing and mood-balancing properties. Combining it with Tribulus can help individuals manage stress and anxiety while promoting sexual health.

Panax Ginseng (Panax ginseng)

Panax ginseng, often referred to as Korean ginseng , is another herb known for its adaptogenic qualities. It can enhance energy levels and mental clarity. When used alongside Tribulus, it creates a powerful duo for improving stamina and cognitive function.

Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium spp.)

Horny Goat Weed , like Tribulus, is known for its potential to enhance sexual health and performance. Combining these two herbs can provide comprehensive support for individuals looking to boost libido and address sexual concerns.

Saw Palmetto (Serenoa repens)

Saw Palmetto is commonly used to support prostate health in men. When used with Tribulus, it can create a well-rounded approach to sexual and reproductive health, particularly in addressing issues related to the prostate.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum)

Fenugreek is recognized for its potential to enhance testosterone levels and libido. Combining it with Tribulus can offer a balanced approach to sexual health and vitality.

Ginkgo Biloba (Ginkgo biloba)

Ginkgo Biloba is renowned for its cognitive benefits, including improved memory and focus. When used in conjunction with Tribulus, it can enhance both mental clarity and sexual health, creating a holistic approach to well-being.

Rhodiola Rosea (Rhodiola rosea)

Rhodiola Rosea is another adaptogenic herb that can help the body cope with stress and boost energy levels. Pairing it with Tribulus can provide a well-rounded approach to managing stress, enhancing mood, and promoting overall vitality.

Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)

Cinnamon is a well-known spice that may help manage blood sugar levels. When combined with Tribulus, it can offer a comprehensive approach to supporting individuals with diabetes or those looking to regulate their blood sugar.

Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)

Milk Thistle is traditionally used for liver health. When used alongside Tribulus, it creates a combination that supports both sexual health and liver function. This can be beneficial, especially for individuals with liver conditions.

Creating Herbal Blends

When combining herbs, it’s important to consider your specific health goals. Whether you’re seeking to enhance sexual health, manage stress, boost energy, or address other concerns, the right blend of herbs can help you achieve your wellness objectives.

Before creating your herbal blend, keep the following in mind:

Consultation : If you’re new to herbal medicine or have specific health concerns, consult with a qualified herbalist or healthcare professional for guidance.
Dosage : Pay attention to the recommended dosages for each herb in your blend. Ensure you’re using the correct proportions to achieve the desired effects.
Quality Matters : Choose high-quality herbs from reputable sources to ensure safety and effectiveness.
Monitoring : Keep track of your health and any changes you experience while using herbal blends. Adjust your blend as needed to suit your evolving needs.

Side Effects, Precautions & Drug Interaction

As with any natural remedy or supplement, it’s essential to be aware of potential risks when using Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris). Let’s explore the considerations you should keep in mind.

Potential Side Effects

Digestive Upset : In some cases, Tribulus may cause mild digestive discomfort, including nausea and stomach cramps. If you experience these symptoms, consider adjusting your dosage or discontinuing use.
Increased Agitation : A small percentage of individuals may experience increased agitation or restlessness when using Tribulus. If you notice heightened anxiety or irritability, discontinue use.
Allergic Reactions : Although rare, allergic reactions to Tribulus have been reported. Allergic symptoms may include skin rashes, itching, and respiratory discomfort. If you suspect an allergy, cease using Tribulus and consult a healthcare professional.

Precautions

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding : The safety of using Tribulus during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been extensively studied. It is advisable for pregnant and nursing individuals to exercise caution and consult a healthcare provider before using Tribulus.
Children : Tribulus is not typically recommended for use in children, as its effects on developing systems are not well understood.
Hormonal Conditions : If you have existing hormonal conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) or hormone-sensitive cancers, consult with a healthcare provider before using Tribulus, as it may affect hormone levels.
Diabetes : Tribulus may lower blood sugar levels. If you have diabetes and are considering using Tribulus, monitor your blood sugar levels closely and consult with a healthcare provider to make any necessary adjustments to your medication.
Surgery : If you are scheduled for surgery, it’s important to inform your healthcare provider about your use of Tribulus. It may interact with anesthesia and other medications used during surgery.

Drug Interactions

Anticoagulants (Blood Thinners) : Tribulus may have mild anticoagulant properties, so it should be used cautiously alongside blood-thinning medications like warfarin. This combination may increase the risk of bleeding.
Antidiabetic Drugs : Combining Tribulus with antidiabetic medications may enhance their effects, potentially leading to low blood sugar levels. If you are taking medication for diabetes, consult your healthcare provider for appropriate dosage adjustments.
Blood Pressure Medications : Tribulus may have mild effects on blood pressure. If you are taking blood pressure medications, monitor your blood pressure regularly and consult with your healthcare provider to adjust your dosage as needed.
Immunosuppressants : Tribulus’s immune-boosting properties may interfere with the action of immunosuppressant medications. If you are taking immunosuppressants, consult your healthcare provider for guidance.
Hormone Therapy : Tribulus may affect hormone levels, so it’s important to exercise caution if you are undergoing hormone replacement therapy or other hormonal treatments. Consult your healthcare provider before using Tribulus.

Dosing Considerations

The appropriate dosage of Tribulus may vary based on the specific product you choose and your health goals. It’s crucial to follow the dosing instructions provided on the product label. If you have any uncertainties or unique health concerns, consult with a qualified healthcare provider or herbalist for personalized guidance.

Monitoring Your Health

As you incorporate Tribulus into your health and wellness routine, pay attention to any changes in your health and well-being. If you experience unusual symptoms or discomfort, discontinue use and seek professional advice.

Tribulus Dosage and Available Forms

Understanding the various forms in which Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) is available and the appropriate dosages for different purposes is key to making the most of this remarkable herb. Whether you’re seeking to enhance your libido, improve athletic performance, or address specific health concerns, choosing the right form and dosage is essential. Let’s explore the options.

Forms of Tribulus

Tribulus is available in several forms, each offering distinct advantages and suitability for specific health goals. Here are the most common forms:

Capsules : Tribulus is commonly available in capsule form, making it convenient for precise dosing. Capsules typically contain 500 to 1000 milligrams of Tribulus extract. Follow the manufacturer’s recommended dosage for your specific product, which is usually one to two capsules per day.
Powder : Tribulus is also available in powdered form, which allows for flexibility in dosage. You can mix the powder into water, juice, or a smoothie. Dosages can vary, so it’s essential to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations, which often range from 500 to 1500 milligrams daily.
Tinctures : Tinctures are liquid extracts of Tribulus. They are an excellent option for individuals who prefer a liquid form for easy absorption. Dosages can vary, so it’s important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions. Typically, a few drops (20-30 drops) under the tongue are taken one to three times a day.
Dried Herb : Some herbal enthusiasts prefer to use dried Tribulus herbs to make their own herbal teas or infusions. To prepare a Tribulus tea, steep 1-2 teaspoons of dried herb in hot water for about 10-15 minutes. This gentle infusion is suitable for various health goals.

Dosages for Common Health Goals

Libido and Sexual Health : If you’re seeking to enhance libido and sexual health, a typical dosage of 500 to 1000 milligrams of Tribulus extract in capsule form daily is often recommended. Adjust the dosage as needed based on your specific goals and consult a healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
Athletic Performance : For those aiming to improve athletic performance, a daily dosage of 1000 to 1500 milligrams of Tribulus extract in capsule or powder form is commonly suggested. Begin with the lower end of this range and adjust as needed based on your individual response.
Heart Health : If you’re incorporating Tribulus into your wellness routine to support heart health, a daily dosage of 500 to 1000 milligrams in capsule or powder form is often recommended. Monitor your health and adjust the dosage as needed with guidance from a healthcare provider.
Blood Sugar Control : To help manage blood sugar levels, consider a daily dosage of 500 to 1000 milligrams of Tribulus extract in capsule form. Monitor your blood sugar levels closely and consult with a healthcare provider to make any necessary adjustments.
Immune System Support : For immune support and general wellness, a daily dosage of 500 to 1000 milligrams of Tribulus extract in capsule form is commonly suggested. Adjust the dosage as needed based on your specific health goals and consult a healthcare provider for personalized guidance.
Urinary Health : If you’re using Tribulus to support urinary health, a daily dosage of 500 to 1000 milligrams in capsule form is often recommended. Monitor your health and adjust the dosage as needed with guidance from a healthcare provider.
Inflammation and Joint Health : If you’re seeking to address joint pain and inflammation, a daily dosage of 1000 to 1500 milligrams of Tribulus extract in capsule or powder form is commonly suggested. Begin with the lower end of this range and adjust as needed based on your individual response.

As with any natural remedy, it’s important to consult with a qualified healthcare provider or herbalist, especially if you have specific health concerns or are taking medications. They can offer personalized guidance on the appropriate dosage and form for your needs.

As you incorporate Tribulus into your health and wellness routine, closely monitor your health and well-being. Pay attention to any changes or effects you experience, both positive and negative. Adjust your dosage as needed, seeking professional advice if necessary.

Let’s summarize the key insights we’ve gained about this remarkable botanical:

Tribulus has shown its versatility in addressing various health concerns, from enhancing libido and improving athletic performance to supporting heart health, blood sugar control, and immune system function.
Beyond its medicinal benefits, Tribulus has played a role in spiritual and ceremonial practices in different cultures throughout history. Its presence in rituals and ceremonies underscores its significance in connecting with the natural world and higher realms of existence.
Tribulus can be even more potent when combined with complementary herbs such as Maca, Ashwagandha, and Panax Ginseng. These herbal combinations offer a holistic approach to enhancing well-being.
While Tribulus offers numerous benefits, it’s crucial to be aware of potential side effects, precautions, and drug interactions. If you have specific health concerns or are taking medications, consult a healthcare provider or herbalist before using Tribulus.
The appropriate form and dosage of Tribulus can vary based on your specific health goals. Following the recommended dosages for the particular product you choose is essential for safety and effectiveness.

In the world of herbal supplements and natural remedies, Tribulus shines as an herb with vast potential. Its adaptogenic properties, hormonal-balancing effects, and various health benefits make it a valuable addition to your holistic approach to well-being.

Remember that herbal remedies are part of a broader approach to well-being. While Tribulus offers much promise, it’s essential to approach its use with awareness and respect for its properties and potential interactions. Consult healthcare professionals or herbalists when needed to ensure your use of Tribulus aligns with your health goals and needs.

We hope this exploration of Tribulus has enriched your understanding of herbal supplements and inspired you to embrace the wisdom of nature in your pursuit of health and well-being. As you explore the world of healthy living and good nutrition, may Tribulus be a source of vitality and balance for you and those you care about.

Questions About Tribulus

Tribulus Demystified: 50 Answers to Your Burning Questions

Article Sources

At AncientHerbsWisdom, our content relies on reputable sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to substantiate the information presented in our articles. Our primary objective is to ensure our content is thoroughly fact-checked, maintaining a commitment to accuracy, reliability, and trustworthiness.

Bokelmann, J. M. (2021). Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris): Fruit, Above-Ground Parts, Root. Medicinal Herbs in Primary Care , 609-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-84676-9.00072-6
Hechtman, L. (2019). Infertility, Male. Textbook of Natural Medicine (Fifth Edition) , 1453-1472.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-43044-9.00185-0
Kamenov Z, Fileva S, Kalinov K, Jannini EA. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial . Maturitas . 2017;99:20-26. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.01.011
Hechtman, L. (2019). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Textbook of Natural Medicine (Fifth Edition) , 1694-1706.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-43044-9.00209-0
Chhatre S, Nesari T, Somani G, Kanchan D, Sathaye S. Phytopharmacological overview of Tribulus terrestris . Pharmacogn Rev . 2014;8(15):45-51. doi:10.4103/0973-7847.125530
Kamboj P, Aggarwal M, Puri S, Singla SK. Effect of aqueous extract of Tribulus terrestris on oxalate-induced oxidative stress in rats . Indian J Nephrol . 2011;21(3):154-159. doi:10.4103/0971-4065.83727
Pokrywka A, Obmiński Z, Malczewska-Lenczowska J, Fijałek Z, Turek-Lepa E, Grucza R. Insights into supplements with tribulus terrestris used by athletes . J Hum Kinet . 2014;41:99-105. doi:10.2478/hukin-2014-0037
Ma Y, Guo Z, Wang X. Tribulus terrestris extracts alleviate muscle damage and promote anaerobic performance of trained male boxers and its mechanisms: Roles of androgen, IGF-1, and IGF binding protein-3 . J Sport Health Sci . 2017;6(4):474-481. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2015.12.003
National Institutes of Health. Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary supplements: What you need to know . Updated September 3, 2020.
Opuwari, C. S., & Moundipa, P. F. (2020). Herbal medicine used to treat andrological problems: Africa. Herbal Medicine in Andrology , 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815565-3.00014-X
Ștefănescu R, Tero-Vescan A, Negroiu A, Aurică E, Vari CE. A comprehensive review of the phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of Tribulus terrestris L . Biomolecules . 2020;10(5):752. doi:10.3390/biom10050752
Umar, Kabiru Jega. Nutrient Content of the leaves of tribulus terrestris . Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences.2004.13. 15-27.
Dillard, D. M. (2021). Phytotherapeutic support for infertility: Evaluating the evidence. Fertility, Pregnancy, and Wellness , 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818309-0.00010-1

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Publications
Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

Advanced Search
Journal List
v.10(4); 2024 Feb 29
PMC10875386

Promising phytopharmacology, nutritional potential, health benefits, and traditional usage of Tribulus terrestris L. herb

Muhammad saeed.

a School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China

Mahzaib Munawar

b The Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan

Jannat Bi Bi

c Department of Physical Education, Beijing Sports University, Beijing, China

Shabbir Ahmed

d Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan

Muhammad Zia Ahmad

e Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan

Asghar Ali Kamboh

Muhammad asif arain.

f Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Pakistan

Muhammad Naveed

g Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA

Huayou Chen

Traditional medicines are becoming more popular as people become more aware of the dangers of synthetic pharmaceuticals. Tribulus terrestris L., (Gokharu) an annual herbaceous plant, has been extensively utilized by herbalists for numerous medicinal purposes. T. terrestris has been studied for its multiple therapeutic effects, including immunomodulatory, aphrodisiac, anti-urolithic, absorption enhancer, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, neuro-protective, anticancer, and analgesic properties. Saponins and flavonoids are two examples of beneficial substances that have recently been found in T. terrestris . These chemicals are very important for a variety of therapeutic effects. Numerous studies have shown that T. terrestris products and various parts may have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, testosterone-boosting, and liver protective effects. According to the published evidence, T. terrestris boosts testosterone secretion, regulates blood pressure, and protects the human body against injuries. The cardiovascular, reproductive, and urinary systems are all severely impacted. Due to its potent bioactive compounds, the literature evaluated from a wide range of sources including books, reports, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, Springer, and other databases demonstrated the extraordinary potential to treat numerous human and animal ailments. Our review is different from other published articles because we explored its importance for humans and especially in veterinary like poultry health. It could also be used as an aphrodisiac to treat different fertility-related disorders in human and animal science. More research into the pharmacodynamics of herbs like T. terrestris is needed so that it can be used in a wider variety of nutraceutical products for humans and poultry.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, there is great concern about the use of herbal medicines worldwide. Additionally, laboratory studies have been conducted to explore the pharmacological characteristics of bioactive compounds and their potential to treat a range of illnesses in both animals and humans. The integration of traditional medicine and ethnopharmacology has facilitated the introduction of numerous novel drugs into the global market [ [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] ]. For several decades, herbal remedies have been used to treat and control a variety of diseases. Herbal medicines represent a potential substitute for traditional artificial treatments owing to the minimal side effects and are considered safe and effective in treating human ailments [ 5 , 6 , 152 , 153 ]. Synthetic medications can generate spectacular outcomes in most situations, but their adverse effects are a serious worry. Many chemicals employed in modern medicine have their origins in plants. Whether or not there is a scientific basis for the use of most herbal products, they are used because of their safety profile, easy availability, and low cost [ [7] , [8] , [9] ]. Both in the present and the future, phytochemicals will play a significant role. The side effects of synthetic medications are our primary concern, even though synthetic drugs can produce more dramatic results in most cases. Numerous compounds used in current medicine have a plant origin [ [10] , [11] , [12] ]. Every medicinal plant used in traditional medicine should be scientifically evaluated to reveal its active ingredient, which can be used as a phytomedicine [ 154 ]. Various herbs are claimed to improve human sexual dysfunction in this vast collection of phytoproducts [ 7 , 13 ].

Tribulus terrestris plant has been used as a cardiotonic, appetizer, aphrodisiac, anti-urolithiasis, diuretic, emollient, anti-helminthic, digestive, and antibacterial agent in traditional medicine. This herbal medicine has anti-hypertensive, anti -hyperlipidemic, and antioxidant properties [ 14 ]. T. terrestris is also used in traditional medicine in various countries to treat multiple disorders [ 15 ]. The entire T. terrestris plant's phytochemical, as well as phytopharmacological activities, have been intensively explored, including diuretic, anti-urolithiasis, anti-hypertensive, analgesic, anti -hyperlipidemic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-helminthic, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties [ [16] , [17] , [18] ]. Because of its potassium-sparing, cardioprotective, and anti -hyperlipidemic properties, T. terrestris may have the potential of herbal therapy for successful blood pressure control, according to the literature [ 17 , 19 ]. T. terrestris is a plant that has been used in Chinese and Indian medicine for a long time. Other pharmacological characteristics of the plant have also been reported. Dietary supplements containing T. terrestris extracts are claimed to improve muscle tone, have a bio-stimulating action, and enhance spermatogenesis in many study publications [ 7 ].

Protodioscin is the main saponin found in the extracts made from this T. terrestris plant's air-dried aerial portions, which mainly include steroidal glycosides [ 10 ]. T. terrestris , belonging to the Zygophyllaceae family, possesses aphrodisiac qualities as it can affect the levels of sex hormones. This perception has led to a rapid increase in the popularity of medicinal products derived from T. terrestris among consumers seeking to enhance their sexual well-being [ 20 ].

The aforementioned literature drafted on both animal and human experiments, T. terrestris increased the quality of sperm. In animal experiments, T. terrestris improved folliculogenesis and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Human clinical trials have shown that it is effective in treating female sexual problems. Various sources of literature on this topic have been examined. The objective of this review was to spread knowledge about T. terrestris 's health advantages to common people to benefit from their own and their animals' health issues and highlight this plant's potential to scientists and veterinarians for further research.

2. Botanical description

T. terrestris is a creeping annual (occasionally perennial) herb, and the plant, especially the fruits, has traditionally been utilized for sexual health advantages. T. terrestris can flourish in various soil types, but it particularly prospers in loose, arid, sandy soils found near dunes or in loose, fertile soils along the borders of fields. Additionally, it thrives in dense soils, particularly when they are damp or rich in nutrients, and in compressed soils along highways [ 21 ]. Its’ fruit is triangular, with spines on all four corners. It is greenish-yellow in color while the leaves are green [ 22 ]. Fig. 1 shows the various parts of T. Terrestris.

Tribulus terrestris and its different parts.

T. terrestris is a tiny prostrate herb with silky hairs. Pinnate leaves are small, opposite, and have 4–8 pairs of spear-shaped leaflets. Small yellow petal blooms and prickly fruits distinguish T. terrestris . The fruits have 1 cm diameter woody burr with sharp spines. A woody star-shaped structure encloses the seeds (carpels). The root is slender, fibrous, cylindrical, and light brown when young [ 23 ].

3. Proximate mineral content of T. terrestris

T. terrestris has a lot of protein in it (21.33 %), so it can be considered a good source of protein in addition to a rich mineral supply. T. terrestris is an effective provider of essential minerals such as potassium, calcium, and copper. The average proximate and mineral composition of T. terrestris is shown in Table 1 .

Average proximate and mineral composition of Tribulus terrestris.

Source (Gafar et al., 2011; Pokrywka et al., 2014): [ 24 , 136 ].

4. Vernacular names

Tribulus gets its name from the Greek word “tribolos,” which means “spike fruit” [ 24 ]. Puncture vine or Gokharu is also its common name [ 16 ]. Table 2 shows the vernacular names of T. terrestris .

Vernacular names of Tribulus terrestris.

5. Nutritional potential

The green leaves of T. terrestris (100 g) contain 79.09 % moisture, 7.22 % protein, 1.55 % calcium, 0.08 % phosphorus, 9.22 mg iron, and 41.5 mg vitamin C. Resins, alkaloids, nitrates, and oils are all found in the powdered root extract [ 10 ]. T. terrestris leaves had an 84.67 percent moisture content and 19.0 percent fiber content, according to another study. On a dry weight basis, the percentages of crude protein, carbohydrate, and fat contents were found to be 13.21 percent, 46.79 percent, and 1.0 percent, respectively [ 25 ].

6. Traditional uses

T. Terrestris has been used to treat many diseases in China, India, and Greece, according to ancient documents. The plant is utilized as an herb and as a primary component in manufacturing numerous medications and nutritional supplements, including for physical rejuvenation for liver, cardiovascular, kidney, and immune system disorders. It is used as a folk remedy to improve muscle strength and sexual potency, as well as to treat urinary tract infections, heart problems, and coughs. It is also an aphrodisiac, stimulant, and nutritious herb [ 18 ].

T. terrestris is a traditional plant with medicinal properties, commonly employed in the treatment of various ailments such as gonorrhea, liver diseases, urinary tract infections, heart issues, eye problems, edema, high blood pressure, skin itch, and cardiovascular diseases [ 26 , 27 ]. The fruit of T. terrestris is known for its diuretic properties and is used for addressing sexual dysfunction and veiling [ 26 , 28 ]. Additionally, the T. terrestris plant is utilized to promote liver healing, improve eye color, enhance blood circulation, and alleviate abdominal distention, edema, and cardiovascular problems [ 29 ]. Rheumatism, vesical calculi, piles, premature ejaculation, menorrhagia, and impotence might all benefit from the roots and fruits. This plant treats premature ejaculation, headaches, dizziness, and spermatorrhoea [ 30 ]. Gokhru (the Indian name of T. terrestris ) is a diuretic, demulcent, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and aphrodisiac, according to Indian Ayurvedic practitioners. The ancient Greeks employed the T. terrestris to promote urine production and mood enhancer. In ancient Chinese medicine, it was employed to treat various kidney, liver, and cardiovascular ailments. More recently, athletes from Eastern Europe have utilized it to enhance their strength and endurance [ 10 ].

The dried fruits of herbs are particularly beneficial for most genito-urinary tract diseases. It contains crucial elements that play a significant role in supporting the proper functioning of the genitourinary tract and removing urinary stones. This potent Ayurvedic medicine has been utilized for centuries in Ayurveda to address venereal disorders and sexual debility. Additionally, in Bulgaria, the plant is used as a traditional remedy for treating impotence. Furthermore, the root and fruit of this plant are recognized in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for their cardiotonic properties. The fruits treated eye issues, edema, stomach distension, morbid leukorrhea, and sexual dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine [ 17 ]. Fig. 2 shows the different promising traditional uses of T. terrestris.

The different promising traditional use of Tribulus terrestris .

7. Phytochemistry

T. terrestris contains various compounds including steroids, vitamins, alkaloids, unsaturated fatty acids, aspartic acid, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, resins, potassium nitrate, and glutamic acid [ 27 ]. Diosgenin and steroidal saponins are present in this plant. It contains a lot of proteins and calcium levels. Dried fruits contain semi-drying oil, peroxides, diastase, small amounts of glucosides, protein, and a considerable variety of inorganic components [ 21 ]. Fruits with nitrates contain a tiny amount of essential oil, resin, and traces of alkaloids (0.001 %) [ 31 ]. An alcoholic extract of fruits produces a crystalline residue in water that contains an alkaloid-like material precipitated from its solution by ammonia and linked with alkaline chlorides or hydrochloric acid. The fruits also contain fat and resin, the latter of which is most likely the source of drug scent because it emits a sweet smell when burned. Mineral stuff is found in abundance in the fruits [ 32 ].

The chemical components of T. terrestris fruits include flavonoids, flavonol glycosides, steroidal glycosides, steroidal saponins, saponins, furostanol, furosteroidal saponins, sapogenins, furostanol glycosides, and alkaloids [ 16 ]. Secondary metabolites found in T. terrestris fruits include saponins, polyphenolic chemicals, and alkaloids. Furostanol and spirostanol are the most common steroidal saponins. The spiro analogs' biogenetic antecedents are thought to be the furostanol saponins. T. terrestris has been shown to have about 70 distinct chemicals [ 33 ]. This plant is known for its high concentration of steroidal saponins. In various parts of this herb, gitogenin, tigogenin, hecogenin, diosgenin, neohecogenin, chlorogenin, ruscogenin, neotigogenin, and sarsasapogenin derivatives were obtained.

Depending on the plant origin, the sugar moieties of separated furostanol, and saponins are oligosaccharides, which contain 2 to 4 different types of sugars, including galactose, xylose, glucose, and rhamnose [ 18 ]. Fig. 3 shows the bioactive compounds isolated from T. terrestris with their mechanism of action. T. terrestris is an important plant that is utilized in natural medicine and may be found all over the world. T. terrestris is mainly composed of spirostanol and furostanol saponins of the chlorogenin, hecogenin, diosgenin, tigogenin, gitogenin, neogitogenin, ruscogenin, neohecogenin and sarsasapogenin. T. terrestris also yields four different forms of sulfated saponins [ 34 ].

Bioactive compounds isolated from Tribulus terrestris with their mechanism of actions.

7.1. GC-MS of T. terrestris

Studies using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis for T. terrestris extract revealed that it contains many compounds, most of which have been recognized for their biologically active functions like hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid, phytol, rhodoxanthin, α-Amyrin, cholestane, etc [ 35 ]. Sitosterol-D-glucoside and tribulosin belong to spirostanol-type saponin and has also been characterized in T. terrestris extract and these exhibited anti-parasitic properties [ 21 ]. The extract of Iraqi T. terrestris shows forty-six compounds including some novel compounds like thiazole, terpineol, myristic acid, and coumarin. Moreover, the study also observed the antioxidant potential of these compounds by enhanced levels of ascorbic acid, superoxide dismutase activity, and serum glutathione levels in rats [ 22 ]. The phytochemistry of T. terrestris (phytochemicals, their prevalence, and their effect) has been presented in Table 3 .

Phytochemistry of Tribulus terrestris (Phytochemical, Their prevalence, and their effect).

7.2. Pharmacokinetics of the major compounds derived from T. terrestris

The possible therapeutic benefits of the herb T. terrestris have led to its widespread usage in traditional medicine. Saponin is thought to have multiple pharmacological effects and is one of the primary active chemicals in T. terrestris [ 34 ]. Understanding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of saponins from T. terrestris is crucial because it can affect the efficacy and safety of treatment [ 33 ]. T. terrestris saponin has the following pharmacokinetic properties:

Absorption: Saponins from T. terrestris are not absorbed well in the digestive tract because their molecules are big, and they are like water. But they can be taken in through the intestinal mucosa through a process called passive diffusion, especially when given with a lipid-based carrier.

Distribution: T. terrestris saponins are present throughout the body, with large amounts in the liver, kidney, and lungs.

Metabolism: T. terrestris saponins are extensively metabolized in the liver and changed into their aglycone forms. The cytochrome P450 enzymes control this process.

Excretion : Saponins from T. terrestris are mostly eliminated through the feces, with a negligible amount also leaving the body through the urine [ 36 ].

8. Phytopharmacological activities/medicinal properties

It possesses a diversity of beneficial effects on the body, including diuretic, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-urolithic, absorption enhancer, larvicidal, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, cardiotonic, aphrodisiac, hepatoprotective, central nervous system modulator, analgesic, antibacterial, anthelmintic, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic [ 16 , 17 ]. Modern research has revealed that the chemical components viz., steroidal saponins and flavonoids, which have potent anti-inflammatory and antiaging characteristics, are the primary contributors to the traditional therapeutic activity of T. terrestris [ 27 ]. T. terrestris , sometimes known as puncturevine, is a widespread weed that grows in many countries and is classified as a toxic weed in some places. One of the most well-known aphrodisiacs today, the herb is mainly used in Chinese and Indian medicine. In both people and animals, it has been used to treat hormonal imbalance, impotence, and sexual problems. It is also used as a stimulant for sexual activity [ 7 ]. There is some evidence that T. terrestris could be used to treat urinary stones, intestinal parasites, menorrhagia, infertility, urinary tenesmus, dyspnea, venereal disorders, urinary lithiasis, nephritis, gout, rheumatism, lumbago, impotence, frigidity, asthma, dysuria, hematuria, and cystitis [ 37 ]. It is also tonic to improve digestive ability, boosts strength, and is beneficial for difficulties of breathing, cough, impotence, and heart disorders [ 38 ].

T. terrestris has been employed for various purposes such as a diuretic, tonic, aphrodisiac, pain reliever, astringent, stomach aid, and urinary antiseptic. It is believed that T. terrestris can enhance testosterone levels by stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which in turn triggers the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In addition to boosting sex drive and fertility, testosterone is recognized for its ability to enhance the immune system and promote bone marrow activity, both of which are crucial for the production of red blood cells [ 39 ]. T. terrestris is used in various traditional medical practices, i.e., Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and Siddha, as a diuretic, aphrodisiac, immunomodulatory, anti-urolithic, antibacterial, anti -hyperlipidemic, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anticancer, anti-hypertensive, anthelmintic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drug [ 15 ]. Fig. 4 shown the pharmacological effects of T. terrestris.

Important Pharmacological effects of Tribulus terrestris .

T. terrestris is used as an herb or as a critical component in the production of numerous pharmaceuticals and consumable supplements for physical rejuvenation, renal difficulties, liver problems, immune system problems, and cardiovascular system problems [ 40 ]. Because of the diverse chemical composition of this plant, its applications range from local to systemic illnesses. It refers to greater physical vitality and sexual power [ 41 , 42 ], nutrition, and the treatment of urinary ailments, cough, and cardiac disorders [ 18 ]. In addition, it also has diuretic [ 42 ], immunomodulatory effect [ 40 ], antidiabetic, absorption enhancing, anti-urolithic [ 43 ], hypolipidemic [ 44 ], central nervous system, hepatoprotective, cardiotonic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory [ 45 , 46 ], antispasmodic, antibacterial, anticancer [ 47 ], anthelmintic, larvicidal, and anticarcinogenic activities [ 17 ]. Table 4 , Table 5 summarize the medicinal/pharmacological properties of T. terrestris.

Medicinal properties of Tribulus terrestris .

Summarized the Pharmacological properties of Tribulus terrestris.

8.1. Anticancerous

In a Bulgarian study, T. terrestris L. saponin fraction and the entire extract were investigated against the survival ability of human breast cancer cells and apoptosis (MCF7). The whole section of T. terrestris obtained from Bulgaria showed a significant dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the viability of cancerous breast cells. When compared to the whole extract, the saponin fraction exhibits a more substantial inhibitory impact. Apoptotic processes are implicated in the mechanisms of T. terrestris anticancer action. After therapy, morphological alterations and DNA fragmentation were found to be indicators for early and late apoptosis in tumor cells. The findings are the first to reveal that T. terrestris has anticancer action in human cancerous cells [ 42 ]. When tested on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, T. terrestris extracts were found to have no harmful effects on non-cancerous cells. To examine its impact on breast cancer cells, MCF-7 cells were treated with methanol extracts from T. terrestris leaves and seeds, as well as saponin extracts. These treatments resulted in DNA fragmentation and apoptosis in the cancer cells. The activity of caspase 3, a protein involved in cell death, significantly increased in MCF-7 cells exposed to T. terrestris extracts. Furthermore, the expression of Bax and p53 genes, known to promote apoptosis, was upregulated, while the expression of the Bcl-2 gene, which inhibits apoptosis, was downregulated. These findings suggest that T. terrestris extracts induce an intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Additionally, elevated genes for FADD, AIF, and caspase 8 suggest the activation of an extrinsic apoptotic pathway. As a result, our findings show that T. terrestris extracts may have anticancer action via both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic mechanisms [ 48 ].

A study was conducted to determine whether Terrestrosin D (TED) inhibits the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer. It was found that TED suppresses angiogenesis and cancer growth by arresting the cell cycle and triggering apoptosis in PCa and endothelial cells [ 49 ]. The effects of T. terrestris fruit on prostate and cancer cell lines of the colon were studied. T. terrestris was less hazardous to colon cancerous cell lines and fibroblast-like cells than the prostate cancerous cell lines [ 50 ].

Another study sought to investigate the anticancerous activities of T. terrestris in liver cancer cells. T. terrestris extract inhibited the proliferation and clonogenicity, which caused apoptosis and increased growth of liver cancerous cells in the G0/G1 phase. It was also demonstrated that T. terrestris extract increased the cellular amount of IB by preventing its’ phosphorylation and degradation while decreasing the expression of NF–B-dependent reporter genes and NF–B subunit p50. Furthermore, the extract of T. terrestris inhibited the expression of genes related to the regulation of the cell cycle, invasion, and prevention of cell death. Additionally, the activity of IKK (IκB kinase) was reduced in a manner that depended on the dosage used [ 51 ].

8.2. Anthelmintic

The utilization of medicinal plants such as T. terrestris in chickens has demonstrated promising anthelmintic effects. These plants can potentially serve as alternatives to commonly used synthetic medications. By incorporating them into treatment regimens, the reliance on synthetic drugs may decrease. This, in turn, can help reduce drug resistance among populations affected by endemic pathogens, as well as minimize the presence of drug residues in poultry meat [ 52 ].

Previously researchers employed the microscopic worm Caenorhabditis elegans to examine the effectiveness of T. terrestris extract against parasitic worms in a controlled laboratory environment. Based on the investigations involved in separating and extracting specific bioactive compounds from the 50 % methanol extract using chromatography, it was found that only two substances, namely tribulosin and sitosterol-D-glucoside, belonging to a type of chemical called spirostanol-type saponin, exhibited anti-parasitic properties. Therefore, both tribulosin and sitosterol-D-glucoside can be considered as effective anthelmintic drugs [ 21 , 53 ].

8.3. Antibacterial

The efficacy of T. terrestris L., a plant known for its urinary anti-infective properties in traditional medicine, was assessed against 11 different bacteria, both pathogenic and non-pathogenic. These bacteria included Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, and Bacillus subtilis . Extracts derived from different parts of the plant exhibited antibacterial activity against most of the tested microbes. Among the extracts, the ethanol extract from the fruit demonstrated the highest level of activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 0.15 mg/mL for B. cereus, P. vulgaris, B. subtilis, and C. diphtheriae [ 54 ].

The effectiveness of T. terrestris water-based extract in killing bacteria was examined using the plate agar diffusion technique. The extract's antibacterial properties were tested against both Gram-positive bacteria, specifically Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus , and Gram-negative bacteria, namely E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa . These various bacterial species' susceptibilities to the plant's extracts were compared to those of other bacterial species and a positive control antibiotic, i.e., streptomycin. The aqueous extract of T. terrestris was found to have antibacterial properties [ 26 ]. Mojdeh et al. [ 55 ] investigated the antibacterial action of a whole extract of T. terrestris L. using the method called Disc diffusion. On Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli , and Bacillus subtilis , the entire extract had an antimicrobial effect.

8.4. Urinary system

The antibacterial effectiveness of a methanol extract from T. terrestris was examined against E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. The saponins containing methanol extract of T. terrestris underwent testing through a micro-broth dilution assay. The findings indicated that T. terrestris has the potential to serve as an alternative treatment for urinary tract infections [ 56 ].

Previously it was investigated the impact of T. terrestris on the creation and growth of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals and the resulting cell damage in NRK-52E renal epithelial cells. The extract of T. terrestris hindered the formation and progression of CaOx crystals in a manner that depended on their concentration. Additionally, the T. terrestris extract protected the NRK-52E cells from oxalate-induced damage for 72 h in a dose-dependent manner. Lactate dehydrogenase release decreased, and cell viability increased in a concentration-dependent way after treatment with varied concentrations of the plant. The current evidence demonstrates that T. terrestris extract has not only the ability to suppress CaOx crystal nucleation and growth but also has a cytoprotective effect. These findings suggest it could be a viable choice for urolithiasis phytotherapy [ 57 ].

According to a study, using T. terrestris extract causes alterations that cause or trigger the development of urinary stones. The levels of oxalate, uric calcium acid, proteins, and glycosaminoglycans in blood and urine altered considerably after administration of T. terrestris extract. In contrast, inorganic phosphate, citrate, and urine volume were unaffected. T. terrestris extract may have beneficial effects in treating urolithiasis [ 58 ]. Another study discovered that a carefully designed liquid extract of T. terrestris , when used in an optimized manner, can prevent and treat experimentally induced kidney stone formation. It achieves this by employing various mechanisms to restrict the complex process of stone formation [ 59 ].

8.5. Cardiac system

T. terrestris saponin was used to treat coronary heart disease (CHD). The total effective reduction rate in angina pectoris was 82.3 %, based on cross-test and 406 cases of clinical observation instances (67 patients treated with “Yufen Ningxin Pian” as a control). The total effective rate was 67.2 %, more significant than the control group (P < 0.05). The overall effective rate of ECG improvement was 52.7 %, more critical than in the control group (35.8 %). T. terrestris saponin has been demonstrated to improve coronary circulation and dilate coronary arteries, which is more advantageous for enhancing the ECG of myocardial ischemia. It has no adverse effects on the circulatory system, hepatic, or renal functions when used for a long time. It also has no negative consequences. It is one of the most effective treatments for angina pectoris [ 60 ].

It was reported that T. terrestris effectively prevented weight gain without causing any changes in the energy balance of the diet, testosterone production, or the histo-morphometry of the heart in rats [ 61 ]. The objective of this research aimed to examine the impact of T. terrestris extracts dissolved in water on endothelial injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their protective effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) against damage induced by Angiotensin II (Ang II). Various parameters were assessed, including blood pressure (BP), heart rate, the structure of the endothelial thoracic aorta, levels of Ang II, endothelin 1 (ET 1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malonaldehyde (MDA) in the blood. The growth and survival of HUVEC cells induced by Ang II were suppressed by T. terrestris . Additionally, T. terrestris improved the movement of cells and extended their lifespan. It also lowered the levels of Akt 1, Fak, Jak 2, Erk2, PI3K, and NFKB p65 mRNA and reduced the expression of Fak, Erk2, and NF-KB p65 proteins. Ultimately, through its effects on Erk2, FAK, and NF–B p65, T. terrestris demonstrated its ability to lower blood pressure and protect endothelial cells [ 62 ].

It was reported that T. terrestris works as an antihypertensive agent in rats with 2k1C-induced hypertension. The author evaluated the activity of ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme) in various organs such as the heart, aorta, lung, and kidney, as well as in the circulatory system. The systolic blood pressure (SBP) of the 2k1C rats was notably higher, however when the hypertensive rats were fed with T. terrestris , their SBP significantly decreased. The ACE activity in all organs, including the aorta, lungs, heart, kidney, and serum, was significantly elevated in the 2k1C rats compared to the normal rats. These findings revealed a negative relationship between Tribulus ingestion and ACE activity in serum and several organs in 2k1C rats. This data shows that T. terrestris reduces blood pressure by inhibiting the ACE activity in treating renovascular hypertension [ 63 ].

8.6. Reproductive system/aphrodisiac activity

The reproductive system of albino female mice was tested using an aqueous extract of T. terrestris . During the estrus phase, many ovarian and uterine characteristics were investigated, as well as the levels of FSH, LH, and estradiol hormones. Both dose levels (100 and 200 mg per kg daily) increased the significant number of developing follicles, the diameter of the mature follicle, endometrial gland diameter, and endometrial lining cell height. Although the changes in reproductive hormone levels were insignificant, both dose levels showed an increase in LH and FSH and a decrease in estradiol levels. Despite some variation, a dose-dependent activity was found, with the two-week period being more beneficial on both ovarian and uterine parameters. In contrast, the four-week period was more effective on uterine parameters [ 64 ]. The key function of T. terrestris on both sexes is expressed in Fig. 5 . The effectiveness of a dry extract of T. terrestris in protecting against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced testicular injury was studied. Mice were gavaged with T. terrestris dry extract (11 mg per kg) or vehicle for fourteen days. On the 14th day, a single dosage of saline or CP was given intraperitoneally (100 mg per kg). Epididymis and testes were extracted for the histological and biochemical investigation, as well as sperm evaluation, 24 h following CP delivery. Protodioscin (1.48 % w/w) presence was detected in the dry extract of T. terrestris by using the HPLC analysis. CP exposure changed antioxidant enzymes i.e., SOD, CAT, GST, GPx, and GR, and enhanced lipid peroxidation, reactive species, and protein carbonylation. Furthermore, acute CP exposure resulted in a decrease in 17β-HSD (17 β -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) activity, this may be associated with decreased serum testosterone levels and histological alterations in the semen quality and testes. This study emphasized the significance of T. terrestris dry extract in reducing the effects of CP injection in mice testes, which was probably due to the presence of protodioscin [ 65 ].

The key function of T. terrestris on both sexes.

In the absence of reproductive manipulation, the effect of T. terrestris on the activities of testicular enzymes in “ Poecilia latipinna ” was investigated. For two months, different concentrations of T. terrestris extract (100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 mg) and control were tested for the testicular activity of enzymes in male “ Poecilia latipinna ,” revealing that T. terrestris is an aphrodisiac herb capable of inducing testicular function in male “ Poecilia latipinna ” as the enzyme activities of Sorbitol dehydrogenase were improved [ 66 ]. The effects of T. terrestris on endocrine-sensitive organs were studied in castrated and intact male rats, as well as in a post-menopausal rat model using ovariectomized females. T. terrestris could not trigger androgen-sensitive organs, including the seminal vesicle and prostate gland, in both castrated and intact male rats. T. terrestris failed to stimulate sensitive endocrine organs in species of rats called “Wistar rats,” including the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, vagina, and uterus, showing a lack of estrogenic and androgenic activity in vivo. It was also discovered that T. terrestris treatment increased rat sperm production while keeping circulating androgen levels constant [ 67 ].

8.7. Neuroprotective effects

Neuroprotection refers to the strategies and interventions aimed at preserving or preventing damage to the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord. These approaches are designed to prevent or slow down the progression of neurological diseases, injuries, and conditions that may affect the nervous system's function. Some studies have suggested that T. terrestris may have neuroprotective effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In a previous study, male Wistar rats were given aluminum chloride to induce Alzheimer's disease, and the neuroprotective potential of T. terrestris was tested on these rats. According to the findings, administering an oral supplement containing 100, 300, or 1000 mg/kg of T. terrestris L. methanol extract resulted in a significant improvement in memory function. This was accomplished by lowering the levels of oxidative stress markers and raising the levels of antioxidant enzymes [ 68 ]. Another study showed that an aqueous extract of T. terrestris with Tribulusterine as the predominant compound had a neuroprotective effect in an in vitro and an in vivo model. They observed that the extract reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of oxidative stress. In addition, it was found that the extract activated the Nrf 2 pathway, which controls antioxidant response elements, to provide protection from oxidative stress and to prevent the activation of stress kinases, which are implicated in neuroinflammation [ 69 ]. Researchers also found that gross saponins isolated from T. terrestris fruit significantly reduced the severity of ischemic stroke in rats [ 70 ]. Gross saponins were found to have a protective effect via activation of the PI3K-Akt and AMPK signaling pathways, which caused major changes in lipid and energy metabolism. Another study found that gross saponins of T. terrestris significantly reduced infarct volume, brain edema, neuro-behavioral abnormalities, pathologic brain changes, serum TNF-α and IL-1β, and brain NF-kB in rats suffering from cerebral ischemic injury [ 71 ]. Likewise, it has been reported that gross saponins from T. terrestris fruit have the potential to protect rats against ischemic stroke via controlling the variety of metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids, and neurotransmitters [ 72 ]. According to Alzahrani et al. [ 73 ], standardized T. terrestris extract (STTE) prevented the harmful effects of rotenone-induced oxidative damage and nigral dopamine neuronal loss in mice. This was accomplished by improving the histopathological changes and dopamine levels, which ultimately led to the downregulation of oxidative stress markers. In another study, using metabolomics and network pharmacology [ 72 ], looked into the potential protective effect of gross saponins of T. terrestris fruit (GSTTF) against ischemic stroke in rats. The findings suggested that by modifying the metabolic profile, including amino acid, lipid, and energy metabolism, GSTTF significantly reduced the size of the stroke in the rats, thereby reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. In a nutshell, the findings of the published studies suggested that T. terrestris and its derivatives have the potential to protect the nervous system via restoration of damage caused by toxicity, oxidative stress stroke, and other neurological disorders. There is a need for additional research on the same subject to investigate the underlying mechanism that is responsible for the neuroprotective effects of the phytobiotic compounds found in T. terrestris .

8.8. Hepatoprotective activity

The liver plays a crucial role in the body's immune system, detoxification system, and metabolic processes. Increased free radical production occurs during metabolism, and oxidative stress can cause liver damage leading to liver diseases [ 74 , 75 ]. Additionally, several factors such as drinking alcohol, exposure to viral infections, and exposure to toxins can lead to liver harm. Regrettably, there are only a limited number of drugs available that have the potential to protect the liver therefore, medicinal plants and their bioactive substances can effectively protect the liver from damage and encourage liver regeneration by lowering oxidative stress and boosting the antioxidant defense [ 76 , 77 ].

T. terrestris has been reported to have the ability to protect liver damage and restore normal functions. The aqueous extract of T. terrestris and silymarin had a significant protective effect against liver damage induced by the hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride in rats. The T. terrestris extract was found to have cytoprotective effects and to restore hepatic architecture by lowering the levels of liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, and lipid peroxidation while increasing the levels of antioxidants such as glutathione and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver tissue [ 75 ]. Similarly, hepatoprotective effects of T. terrestris , Ashwagandha, and N-acetylcysteine were measured by Ref. [ 78 ], in the liver of Wistar rats that had undergone experimental fibrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. Malondialdehyde, NF-kB, collagen 1, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2, and tumor necrosis factor all showed numerical declines in the treatment groups when compared to the control, but aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels were unaffected.

In freshwater fish ( Oreochromis mossambicus ) liver toxicity could be induced by acetaminophen. T. terrestris extract supplementation significantly decreased the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and restore the oxidative damage caused by acetaminophen. Additionally, an in vivo study demonstrated that the oral supplementation of fruit extracts derived from T. terrestris had the potential to ameliorate mercury-induced liver damage. This was accomplished by monitoring the enzymological parameters of liver cells, which revealed that treatments were effective in reversing changes in liver enzymes [ 79 ]. It has been demonstrated that T. terrestris has a therapeutic role in terms of liver protection, and this ability is demonstrated by the fact that it can improve non-alcoholic fatty livers. Results suggested that the dietary supplementation of T. terrestris significantly normalized the serum biomarkers and other liver characteristics. Additionally, this pant has proven its potential to alleviate liver cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatocarcinoma, and liver failure caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver [ 80 ].

Various studies have explored the effectiveness of T. terrestris in safeguarding and rejuvenating liver function when it comes to exposure to toxic substances such as heavy metals found in the environment. It has been discovered that T. terrestris is capable of successfully restoring liver markers that have been negatively impacted by toxic substances such as aluminum, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, CYP, and CCl4 [ 75 , 81 ]. Further analysis of the data revealed that T. terrestris has the potential to shield the liver from a wide range of threats. Since oxidative stress is linked to most of the aforementioned liver problems, it's reasonable to conclude that T. terrestris role as an antioxidant is a key factor in its ability to ameliorate liver-related toxicities.

8.9. Diuretic activity

Diuretics are substances that promote the elimination of excess water and electrolytes from the body by increasing urine production. T. terrestris ' diuretic activity is thought to be due to its ability to increase urine production and excretion by the kidneys. This plant's diuretic potential is attributed to its beneficial effect on renal function and aids in the prevention of kidney stone formation. Multiple toxicological studies have provided evidence supporting the safe use of T. terrestris in various treatments, as it has been shown to have no harmful effects in acute, subacute, and chronic toxicity assessments. Nutraceutical and renal protective properties of this plant have been widely explored in earlier studies [ 82 ].

According to the literature that has been published, T. terrestris contains several bioactive substances that are advantageous for protecting the renal system because they have anti-inflammation, antioxidant, and diuretic potential, all of which are crucial for maintaining the kidney's health. T. terrestris contains certain substances that promote kidney protection, including oleic acid, octadecanoic acid, rhodoxanthin, cholestane, pyrimidine, pregnene, gamabufotalin, and lanostane terpenoids [ 83 ]. Additionally, renal protection might be attributed to the presence of tigogenin, terrestrosid F, neotigogenin, gitonin, and tribulusamides A and B [ 82 ].

Nephrotoxicity refers to damage to the kidneys caused by medications or other toxins. It can lead to a range of kidney problems, including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, and kidney failure. The incidence of nephrotoxicity is a growing concern in both developed and developing countries, as more people are taking medications and being exposed to environmental toxins. Research has shown that treatments with T. terrestris may help to protect the kidneys against damage caused by certain medications [ 84 , 85 ]. Earlier studies have suggested that T. terrestris may have a protective effect against nephrotoxicity induced by certain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) [ 84 ]. Gentamicin is an antibiotic that is used in clinical practice for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections; however, due to its nephrotoxicity, its use is restricted to a relatively infrequent basis. The medicinal application of gentamicin significantly increased the levels of blood urea nitrogen (155 %), serum creatinine (187 %), and serum uric acid (123 %). However, the oral administration of T. terrestris (840 mg/kg) has been shown to mitigate gentamicin-induced experimental nephrotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner [ 86 ].

The diuretic activity of the water-based extract from the leaves and fruits of T. terrestris and the hair of Zea mays was investigated by using male Wistar rats. The findings revealed that the oral administration of the water-based extract of T. terrestris at a dosage of 5 g/kg induced a beneficial increase in urine production, slightly exceeding the diuretic effect of furosemide [ 37 ]. The mixture of Z. mays and T. terrestris extracts had an equivalent diuretic effect compared to using T. terrestris alone. Likewise in another study, it was reported that T. terrestris extracts given orally led to a notable rise in urine output and sodium excretion, along with the additional advantage of preserving potassium levels in dehydrated rats [ 87 ]. On the other hand, it has recently been suggested that the aqueous extract from the fruit of T. terrestris shows potent efficacy in the treatment of urinary stones. This could be achieved by breaking down the mineral components of the stone, preventing new stone formation, increasing urination, and protecting against kidney damage by preventing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation [ 88 ]. Although these findings are encouraging, more clinical research is required to determine whether T. terrestris is truly effective in treating kidney disorders.

8.10. Antispasmodic activity

Antispasmodic activity refers to the ability of a substance to reduce or prevent muscle spasms or cramps. This can be particularly useful in the treatment of conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), menstrual cramps, and other types of muscle spasms. The study investigated the influence of a freeze-dried combination of saponins from T. terrestris L. on various smooth muscle preparations in the laboratory. The results showed that the saponin mixture resulted in a significant reduction in the peristaltic movements of isolated sheep ureteral and rabbit jejunal preparations, with the degree of effect correlating with the dose administered. However, the saponin mixture did not affect the isolated rabbit aorta or its contractile response to norepinephrine. These results suggested that T. terrestris L. or its saponin mixture may have potential therapeutic value in the treatment of smooth muscle spasms or colic pain [ 89 ]. However, it is essential to emphasize the importance of conducting additional research to investigate the antispasmodic activity of this plant and saponin mixture in both humans and animals.

8.11. Antidiabetic activity

Diabetes is a long-lasting condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively control the levels of glucose (blood sugar). This can occur when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin (Type 1 diabetes) or when the body develops insulin resistance and cannot effectively utilize insulin (Type 2 diabetes) [ 77 ]. With the advancement of science and technology, numerous studies have suggested that natural bioactive compounds originated from medicinal plants widely used to control blood glucose levels in diabetic patients [ 90 ]. It is well known that the secondary compounds present in plants can hinder the functioning of crucial enzymes that play a role in breaking down carbohydrates [ 91 ]. Another study indicated that administering a single dose of the methanol extract derived from T. terrestris significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, similar to the effects observed with glibenclamide treatment [ 92 ]. It is interesting to note that T. terrestris was used as a treatment for diabetes in traditional folk medicine. According to the findings, T. terrestris could be an effective complementary treatment for diabetic women, helping them better control their blood glucose levels while also improving their lipid profiles [ 44 ]. Recently, it was hypothesized that T. terrestris saponins prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in male rats and function as antidiabetic agents. In rats with induced type 2 diabetes, dietary supplementation with T. terrestris saponins or saponins combined with inulin substantially decreased steatosis while simultaneously restoring the plasma lipid profile [ 93 ]. Similar findings were made in another study, which discovered that three kinds of medicinal plants, including Dioscorea deltoidea , T. terrestris , and Panax japonicus , could treat laboratory rats against glucose metabolism problems in laboratory rats [ 94 ]. Additionally, as compared to untreated mice, medication successfully corrected lipid and carbohydrate metabolism while reducing daily urine output, blood glucose levels, blood in urine, and total cholesterol. T. terrestris may have antidiabetic properties, but more studies are needed to fully understand the underlying mechanism of action behind the antidiabetic effects of T. terrestris . Based on the current literature on the promising evidence of T. terrestris ' anti-diabetic properties, further study is needed to completely understand the hypoglycemic potential and underlying mechanism involved in diabetes treatment.

8.12. Immune boosting activity

The immune system is the part of the body that protects against infectious pathogens and other pathophysiological conditions. On the other hand, the immune system can overreact or underreact, leading to various pathological disorders. Immunomodulation is the process of modifying or regulating the response of the immune system to a pathogen, foreign substance, or abnormal cell growth. Evidence has accumulated over the past few decades to support the use of medicinal plants for their immune-enhancing properties, which can strengthen the body's innate resistance to a wide variety of diseases [ [95] , [96] , [97] ].

Previous research has suggested that T. terrestris may have the ability to boost one's immune system by either increasing the production of particular immune cells or by stimulating the activity of the immune system as a whole. However, limited studies have been found in the literature regarding the immune-boosting effects of T. terrestris plant. T. terrestris fruit extracts and Xanthium strumarium have been shown to significantly inhibit the elevated effects of autophagy by decreasing autophagic flux, cell growth, and metastatic characteristics of oral cancer cells, implying that it may contain a functional ingredient to suppress oral cancer cells [ 98 ]. Furthermore, Tian et al. [ 99 ] investigated the antioxidant and bactericidal properties of T. terrestris total flavonoids and fatty acid extracts. They observed that both extracts demonstrated antibacterial and antioxidant activity, suggesting that total flavonoids extracted are more attractive candidates for the study and development of natural antioxidants and therapeutic agents than fatty acids. Additionally, dietary inclusion of T. terrestris -derived extract at the level of 200–400 mg/kg repaired the liver and intestinal injuries and enhanced the immunological response of S. iniae -infected tilapia fry fish [ 100 ]. Ghosal et al. [ 101 ] examined the performance and immune-boosting potential of different dietary treatments containing T. terrestris fruit extract. Final weight, length, and specific growth rate were all considerably enhanced across all treatments. Immunostimulatory effects enhanced respiratory burst, hematological, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activity, as well as phagocytic and lysozyme activities, in comparison to the control.

Dietary supplementation of T. terrestris effectively attenuates the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by acute aerobic exercise and improves delayed onset of muscle soreness in healthy men. The findings revealed that consuming T. terrestris for four weeks stabilized reduced glutathione and oxidized glutathione levels while dramatically lowering thiobarbituric acid reactive compounds, protein carbonyls, creatine kinase activity, and white blood cell count rise in the treatment group [ 102 ]. [ 103 ] tested the effect of T. terrestris extract on IL-6, TNF, and Comet assays for immunomodulatory properties. The results showed that T. terrestris -treated rams had a significantly greater increase in both body weight and lymphocyte transformation compared to the control group. Results from in vitro studies showed that a 0.5 L/mL dose of T. terrestris dramatically increased IL-6 and lymphocyte transformation while reducing serum MDA levels compared to control. The study of Tilwari et al. [ 104 ], suggested that the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of T. terrestris fruits show potent immunomodulatory activity by improving the humoral antibody titer and delayed hypersensitivity reaction in Wistar rats. Broiler chickens were treated with T. terrestris vine powder equivalent to an antibiotic growth promoter. The results showed that the supplement did not affect productivity indicators apart from carcass yield. However, birds given 1 or 5 g/kg T . terrestris powder had higher antibody titers against Newcastle disease virus and avian influenza virus compared to other groups [ 105 ]. In conclusion, the research presented above indicated that T. terrestris may have the capability to positively influence the immune system. However, additional research is required to verify these findings and establish the optimum dosage suitable for immunostimulation.

9. Limitation and recommended dose of T. terrestris

Regarding the recommended dose of T. terrestris , there is no universally agreed-upon dosage due to the lack of standardized research and varying formulations of the supplement. The appropriate dose may also depend on factors such as age, overall health, and the specific product being used (e.g., extract, powder, capsules). Despite the lack of well-defined dosage guidelines, some studies have used the following dosages for T. terrestris supplementation. For athletic performance, a dosage of 3.21 mg/kg of body weight per day (equivalent to approximately 200–450 mg for an average-weight individual) was used for 20 days [ 106 ]. However, more research is needed to determine the optimal dosage for athletic performance. Another study examined the effects of T. terrestris on infertility in women and applied a dose ranging from 500 mg to 6000 mg per day to obtain the desired effects [ 107 ]. Based on the findings of previous studies, the recommended doses have ranged from 3.21 mg/kg to 500–600 mg/day. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional or a qualified practitioner before starting any new supplement regimen.

Generally, the dietary supplementation of T. terrestris is safe if used within permissible levels, however, the higher dose and prolonged intake of T. terrestris products caused significant toxic effects, including behavioral changes, organ damage, and even death in some cases [ 108 ]. Another study revealed that sheep who consumed a combination of T. terrestris and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) experienced hepatogenous photosensitivity approximately 11 days later. The observed signs included feelings of sadness, yellowing of the skin and eyes, loss of weight, inflammation of the outer membrane of the eye, and a reddening of the snout, nose, ears, and eyelids [ 109 ]. It has been reported that the chronic toxicity might be attributed to T. terrestris extract supplementation in rats [ 110 ]. The researchers found that long-term administration of high doses of the extract resulted in adverse effects on liver and kidney function. They concluded that prolonged use of T. terrestris should be done with caution, considering the potential toxicity to these organs [ 110 ]. Despite the potential nutraceutical effects majority of individuals may not experience the adverse effects when using T. terrestris , it is essential to be aware of the potential risks associated with its use, especially when consumed in high doses or for an extended period.

10. Usage in poultry

Recent research has demonstrated that adding medicinal herbs and natural products to feed can enhance the health, performance, and nutritional digestibility of broilers and layers. Moreover, these additives boost immunity against diseases and aflatoxins [ [111] , [112] , [113] , [114] ]. The Zygophyllaceae family includes T. terrestris [ 105 ]. It is reported that the leaf, root, seeds, and fruits of T. terrestris all had some degree of phytotherapeutic activity. Protodioscin, glycosides, alkaloids, and flavonoids are the only compounds with potential biological action that are abundant in T. terrestris as compared to steroid glycosides (saponins) [ 17 ].

The chicken sector has seen fast expansion, which has made the business more difficult. There is also a need for more high-quality feed. Organic acids, lavender oil, saponins, flavonoids, and other compounds, as well as inorganic ones like antibiotics and growth stimulants, make up most of the phytogenic feed additives [ 115 ].

As a result, it is becoming increasingly common practice to utilize phytogenic feed additives as performance enhancers instead of antibiotics [ 116 , 117 ]. T. terrestris L., is like a shrub found widely throughout China, Turkey, Korea, Japan, the western portion of Asia, the southern part of Europe, and Africa [ 118 ]. A study was carried out to determine the impact of T. terrestris L. as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, on broiler chicken carcass characteristics, growth performance, and immunological response [ 105 ].

The management of poultry illnesses was helped by the saponins derived from T. terrestris . Feeding broiler chickens 1g T. terrestris powder/kg of feed [ 119 ] or 0.06 & 0.12 g of T. terrestris crude extract [ 120 ] had no appreciable impact on the performance of their growth. On the other hand, broilers' growth performance was enhanced by a diet containing 0.8 g of T. terrestris powder/kg feed [ 121 ]. In Table 6 , the use of T. terrestris has been summarized in the poultry industry.

T. terrestris uses in Poultry Industry.

The increased viscosity of the cell membrane inside the liver of broiler birds that obtained an overdose of T. terrestris caused cell injury and degenerative alterations, which raised liver function tests [ 122 ]. The phytobiotics or naturally derived feed additives (PFAs) have demonstrated several positive impacts on both overall productivity and the well-being of the birds [ 85 ].

The bird is a homeotherm species that can only thrive in a limited range of thermoneutral conditions. Cold stress circumstances have negative impacts on the productivity of laying hens, such as reduced egg output or egg weight and lower feed effectiveness [ 123 ]. The effects of T. terrestris aqueous extract supplementation on laying hen performance, egg quality traits, and blood biochemical markers in poultry housed at low ambient temperature (6.83 °C) were investigated. The results exhibited that egg weight, egg mass, and shell thickness increased while serum cholesterol and FCR reduced significantly in T. terrestris -treated groups as compared to the control group [ 124 ]. T. terrestris extract is also known to increase egg weight, yolk weight, egg production, and egg fertility in guinea fowls [ 125 ].

11. Immuno-modulatory effects of T. terrestris

T. terrestris , a traditional Asian medicinal plant, and used for therapeutic purposes in the form of whole dried herbs and ripe fruits. It is made up of a variety of chemical components, the most common of which are steroids and saponins [ 126 ]. The phagocytosis response to saponins extracted from T. terrestris fruits increased in a dose-dependent manner, indicating the promotion of a non-specific immune response. A considerable dose-dependent rise in the humoral antibody titer and delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction was seen in an alcoholic extract of the entire T. terrestris plant, indicating increased specific immunological response [ 40 ].

As an inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) regulates both the occurrence and advancement of inflammation [ 127 ]. The production of nitric oxide is linked to the presence of proinflammatory cytokines TNF- and IL-6, which play a role in triggering and advancing inflammatory conditions. TNF- is a well-known cytokine involved in regulating the immune system and is essential in most inflammatory diseases [ 128 ]. Multifunctional cytokine IL-6 is important in immune responses and chronic inflammatory disorders. High levels of IL-6 can cause several pathological conditions that can result in inflammatory illnesses [ 129 ]. In lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells (Monocyte/Macrophage), the alcoholic solution derived from T. terrestris showed the ability to hinder the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). In macrophage cell lines, it also reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin (IL-4). Consequently, T. terrestris 's ethanolic extract hinders the discharge of inflammatory cytokines and agents, rendering it beneficial in addressing various inflammatory conditions [ 130 ]. Kashamov (2007) [ 131 ] looked into how adding T. terrestris dry extract to the diet of broiler parents affected their reproductive characteristics. At the age of 40 weeks, an experiment was conducted with 154 hens and 20 cocks from the White Plymouth Rock mini population, separated into two groups of 77 hens and ten cocks each. The diets of the two groups of birds were identical. For twelve weeks, experimental birds were fed a dry diet extract of T. terrestris at the dose rate of 10 mg per kg body weight once daily. The cocks blood testosterone level, egg incubation, and fertilization were measured. At the end of the trial, the level of serum testosterone in experimental cocks was 29 % greater than that of the control group. The experimental group had a higher percentage of fertilized and incubated eggs than the control group. The impact of T. terrestris on the immune system of chicken is depicted in Fig. 6 .

Tribulus terrestris effects on the Immune system.

In another study, 255 Ross 308 one-day-old, mixed-sex broiler chicks were used to see the impact of T. terrestris on the health and well-being of broilers. Broiler chicks' growth performance, body composition, and digestive organs were not affected by T. terrestris extracts ( P > 0.05 ) [ 120 ]. The effect of a dry extract of the annual plant T. terrestris on major biochemical and hematological parameters in guinea fowl blood was examined. Thirty gray-pearl Guinea fowl 32 weeks old were divided into two groups, i.e., experimental and control, with 12 females and three males in each group. All of the birds were fed with the same guinea fowl diet. The experimental group's compound feed was supplemented with Vemoherb-T ( T. terrestris ) at a daily dose of 10 mg/kg body weight for 12 weeks. In both sexes of guinea fowl, adding Vemoherb-T boosted hemoglobin levels, and erythrocyte and leukocyte counts, while eosinophils number decreased. The total calcium and protein levels increased significantly in the blood serum of treated birds [ 132 ].

By using the NDV Haemagglutination (HA) titer in vivo vero cell line culture, researchers evaluated the anti-viral potential of crude extracts of medicinal plants. It was concluded that saponin, a well-known antiviral compound derived from crude extract of T. terrestris exhibited anti -NDV activity on the vero cell line without causing a harmful effect. Furthermore, T. terrestris alcoholic extracts could be beneficial as preventative measures against NDV epidemics [ 133 ]. T. terrestris powder, used as an antibiotic growth promoter, acts as a substitute for improved broiler chicken growth performance, carcass traits, and immune responses. Puncture vine ( T. terrestris ) powder could influence the broiler chicken's immune responses and growth performance [ 105 ]. As an alternative to antibiotics, T. terrestris powder can be employed in broiler diets [ 121 ]. The effects of dietary aqueous extract of T. terrestris on egg quality, production performance, and blood parameters in laying hens exposed to cold stress were studied in a total of 144 laying hens [ 124 ]. Results indicated that significant improvements were observed concerning the productive performance of the layer treated with dry extract of T. terrestris at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight. Guinea fowls and quails exhibit moderate to severe fatty infiltration and liver degeneration, mainly in the males of both species [ 134 ]. Nikolova et al. [ 135 ] explored how different doses of T. terrestris dry extract affected egg production, testosterone levels in the blood, and the histological structure of the gonads and kidneys in Japanese quail. A dose rate of 10 mg/kg of T. terrestris extract increases the synthesis of male reproductive cells, whereas a dose of 4 mg/kg causes spermatozoa generation to be delayed. The kidney structure was preserved, and the larger doses resulted in a certain reduction of the kidney parenchyma.

12. Conclusion and future perspective

This extensive review provides a detailed understanding of T. terrestris , encompassing its phytochemistry, phytopharmacology, positive impacts, and therapeutic applications. The entire T. terrestris plant's phytochemical and pharmacological activities have been intensively explored, including diuretic, anti-urolithiasis, anti-hypertensive, analgesic, anti -hyperlipidemic, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-helminthic, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. Because of its potassium-sparing, cardioprotective, and anti -hyperlipidemic properties, T. terrestris may have the potential of herbal therapy for successful blood pressure control. Other pharmacological characteristics of the plant have also been reported. Dietary supplements containing T. terrestris extracts are claimed to improve rat sperm production while keeping circulating androgen levels constant. As an aphrodisiac, T. terrestris has found widespread use. T. terrestris protects against neuronal damage primarily through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The underlying mechanisms of action behind the phytochemical's function may vary across different species and remain incompletely understood, therefore further research is needed to explore completely. Moreover, future research is necessary to identify relevant markers at the biological and molecular levels, which contribute to the diverse range of health benefits associated with T. terrestris in both humans and animals. To facilitate the development of novel medications, pharmacological studies involving this plant should be continued and extended to clinical trials, to fully comprehend how T. terrestris affects the progression of diseases.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Muhammad Saeed: Conceptualization, Writing – original draft. Mahzaib Munawar: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. Jannat Bi Bi: Formal analysis, Writing – review & editing. Shabbir Ahmed: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Muhammad Zia Ahmad: Software, Writing – review & editing. Asghar Ali Kamboh: Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Muhammad Asif Arain: Visualization, Writing – review & editing. Muhammad Naveed: Validation, Writing – review & editing. Huayou Chen: Supervision, Writing – review & editing.

Declaration of competing interest

The author declared that they have no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was financially supported by the national key research and development program (2021YFC2103004), by Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent” under Grant number (2023ZB883), and by Key Research and Development Program (Modern Agriculture) of Zhenjiang City, Jiangsu, China (NY2023013).

SuperPump Aggression - Pre-Workout
PLASMAJET® - Pump Formula
PROVEN EGG™ - Egg Protein
Anavite - Multi-Vitamin
SizeOn - Intra-Workout
DTN8 - Fat Burner
PROVEN WHEY™ - Whey Protein
Shop All Products
Build Mass + Muscle
Endurance + Recovery
Weight Loss
Athletic Performance
Health + Wellness
Best Sellers
Pre-Workout
Mass Builder
Immunity + Wellness
Sample Packs
Garage Sale
Gaspari Kitchen
Gaspari Athlete Spotlight
Richie's Old School Training
Supplement Corner
Video Library
Gaspari Blog
Join the Team
Create account

Shop by Goal

Shop by Type

NEW!! 5-in-1

DAILY PERFORMANCE PACK

ORIGINAL FORMULA IS BACK

TRIBULUS 90 CT

ULTRA HIGH POTENCY BULGARIAN TRIBULUS EXTRACT

650mg at 90% Standardization

The active steroidal saponin found within Tribulus Terrestris has been shown to:

Increase Testosterone†

Enhance LUTEINIZING HORMONE Production†

Augment Sex Drive†

Boost Muscle Power & Strength†

Gaspari Nutrition’s® Tribulus is the premier option for those looking for the most powerful Tribulus Terrestris extract available on the market. As with all Gaspari products, Tribulus is made using only the highest quality active ingredients, providing users with unmatched levels of the powerful steroidal saponins naturally found in Tribulus Terrestris. Daily use of this incredible herb may help augment your sex drive, increase lean muscle mass, and enhance strength and power!†

SUGGESTED USE: As a dietary supplement, take 1 capsule upon waking, 1 capsule mid-day, and 1 capsule prior to sleep. Use Tribulus for 8-12 weeks before ceasing use for at least 4 weeks. As a reminder, discuss the supplements and medications you take with your health care providers.

WARNING: THIS PRODUCT IS ONLY INTENDED TO BE CONSUMED BY HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS OVER THE AGE OF 18 YEARS. If you are pregnant or nursing, taking any medication or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Discontinue use and consult your doctor if any adverse reactions occur.

KEEP OUT OF THE REACH OF CHILDREN.

STORE IN A COOL, DRY PLACE.

TAMPER EVIDENT: DO NOT USE IF SEAL UNDER CAP IS BROKEN OR MISSING.

TRIBULUS 90 CT - Customer Photo From Juan M.

Thank you for submitting a review!

Your input is very much appreciated. Share it with your friends so they can enjoy it too!

nutrition Products
Proven EAAs

I noticed an increase in my strength And also help me fall sleep faster

Lo mejor de lo mejor

Te lo recomiendo 100% calidad me encantan los productos de Gaspari

Increased testosterone

You want higher test? Then def get this.

Price, Potency & Purity!

Gaspari Tribestan was an excellent price, a nice standardized dose and from a reputable company so the purity is there. It's much better priced with a higher dose than the last few Tribestan products I had used before. I'll buy it again. It works very well and saves me some extra money$$$.

Tributes is awesome

I have used gaspari nutrition products , for about a year and a half and man do I see results in hardness and muscle growth. I am a believer and a long term customer.

I enjoy taking this, I have energy and my muscles feel fuller. This is a must have, hope they have it back in stock soon.

AWESOME PRODUCT

I recently brought this product and in 30 days my T levels and muscle performance is jacked I see the results.

Tribulus 90

I have taken it for a month. I have noticed a change in energy levels

Amazon Prime includes:

Fast, FREE Delivery is available to Prime members. To join, select "Try Amazon Prime and start saving today with Fast, FREE Delivery" below the Add to Cart button.

Cardmembers earn 5% Back at Amazon.com with a Prime Credit Card.
Unlimited Free Two-Day Delivery
Streaming of thousands of movies and TV shows with limited ads on Prime Video.
A Kindle book to borrow for free each month - with no due dates
Listen to over 2 million songs and hundreds of playlists
Unlimited photo storage with anywhere access

Important: Your credit card will NOT be charged when you start your free trial or if you cancel during the trial period. If you're happy with Amazon Prime, do nothing. At the end of the free trial, your membership will automatically upgrade to a monthly membership.

One-time purchase: $18.97 $18.97 ( $0.11 $0.11 / Count) FREE delivery Saturday, May 4 on orders shipped by Amazon over $35 Ships from: Amazon Sold by: BRI Nutrition

This item has been tested to certify it can ship safely in its original box or bag to avoid unnecessary packaging. Since 2015, we have reduced the weight of outbound packaging per shipment by 41% on average, that’s over 2 million tons of packaging material.

Choose how often it's delivered

Skip or cancel any time, unlock 15% savings, potential savings, added to cart.

Image Unavailable

To view this video download Flash Player

BRI Nutrition Tibullus Terrestris Steroidal Saponins & Protodioscin Supplement, 180 Count

Purchase options and add-ons, about this item.

WHY US: Not all Tribulus products are created equal so we set out to launch the ultimate Tribulus supplement on the market in terms of quality and value. We were surprised by how little other companies actually give you for the price. Forget the 30 or 60 day supply, we give you a full 90 day supply of Tribulus.
WHAT IT IS: Tribulus is a plant-based supplement derived from the Tribulus plant. The steroidal saponins found in the plant form of Tribulus. Go ahead and compare our Tribulus to any on the market. Forget those guys trying to sell you 10% or even 25% of Steroidal Saponins. We cram 45% Steroidal Saponins in every single capsule.
PURITY: We use only the finest ingredients, all of which are manufactured in our US, GMP compliant, state-of-the-art, facility. Every batch is laboratory tested for quality assurance. OUR GUARANTEE: We're very so confident that you'll love this product that we offer a 60-day, 100% money-back guarantee.
COMMON NAMES: Tribulus is called by a variety of names. You may have stumbled on the following names, either way, experience how tribulus can change your body and your life: Tribulus Terrestris,Tribule Terrestre, and Tribulis. You may even encounter some terms such as puncture weed, puncture vine, goathead, cat's head, devil's thorn and devils weed or some misspelling such as Tribulus Terrestrus.
SHARE: Consider ordering one bottle for yourself and another for a friend or loved one. Keep each other motivated and reach your goals together and more quickly. BRI Nutrition stands by every quality product we make. We manufacture only premium vitamins, capsules, pills, tablets, powders, multivitamins, supplements, topical liquids, serums, vegan foods and extracts for men, women, and children.

Consider a similar item

Frequently bought together

Similar items that may deliver to you quickly

Zolotus Tribulus Terrestris, 8650mg Per Capsule, High Potency with Ashwagndha, Panax Ginseng, Saw Palmetto, Maca, Shilajit. B

Product Description

Our Bulgarian Tibullus Terrestris supplement stands alone with 45% Steroidal Saponins and 40% Protodioscin packed into two 1,000 milligram capsule. With this potency and purity, you can be assured you're receiving a clinical-strength dose of Tibullus Terrestris, known to increase libido in women and help build muscle mass in men, in addition to a host of other positive properties.

Product details

Is Discontinued By Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ No
Product Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 2.4 x 2.4 x 4.3 inches; 8.01 ounces
Date First Available ‏ : ‎ October 17, 2014
Manufacturer ‏ : ‎ BRI Nutrition
ASIN ‏ : ‎ B00OM5WVEW
#33 in Tribulus Herbal Supplements

Compare with similar items

Important information, ingredients.

Tribulus Terrestrus Extract (Fruit) of Standardized Extract 45% Steroidal Saponins, Gelatin (capsule) and magnesium stearate

Legal Disclaimer

Statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition.

Statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition.

Looking for specific info?

Customer reviews.

Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.

To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.

Customers say

Customers like the quality, strength, and value of the herbal supplement. For example, they mention it's an effective product, helps with strength and endurance, and is a cheap alternative. Some appreciate the energy levels.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

Customers are satisfied with the quality of the herbal supplement. They mention that it's an effective, good product, and does a damn fine job. Some are surprised at the effectiveness and potency of the product. They also mention that they've noticed very positive results.

"...The results are noticeable . I take it about 45 minutes prior to working out along with my pre workout shake...." Read more

"...This is my second week taking Tribulus and I have noticed very positive results , both in my body and in the way I feel...." Read more

"...Terrestris - 45% Steroidal Saponins - 40% Protodioscin - Highest Purity On The Market - 1000mg Maximum Strength Pure Bulgarian Tribulus Terrestris..." Read more

"...I took this for 2 1/2 months and I think it actually worked a little too well ...." Read more

Customers are satisfied with the stamina of the herbal supplement. They say it improves their mood and desire, and provides a greater sense of general well-being. They also mention that it brings them back to life and enhances exercise recovery and endurance strength. Additionally, they say it helps them maintain as much energy and strength as possible due to its caloric content.

"...Additionally, it provides a very slight boost in my body composition (ratio of muscle to fat)...." Read more

"...weight loss (5 pounds), more mental focus, regular bowel movements, better moods , more confidence and for some reason I feel less stressed...." Read more

"This product seemed to help with mood and feeling less tired after workouts...." Read more

"...This has restored my energy to where when I wake up, I'm up and not lethargic , and I continue to keep this energy throughout the day...." Read more

Customers say the herbal supplement helps with strength and endurance. They also say it increases stamina, and ability to sustain workouts. Customers also mention that it tastes earthy and not so strong that it leaves an after taste. They say it has a strong potency and has raised their testosterone.

"...This is actually far better than most and was a solid product . However, BRI has a whopping 95% steroidal saponins and 80% protodioscin...." Read more

"...This Tribulus has really renewed my faith in quality products ...." Read more

"...Workouts have become a joy! I have noticed that I don't fatigue as quickly as before and my muscles have become more defined with the same workout...." Read more

"...I have taken it for nearly two months now, and I can say that I am stronger and more powerful...." Read more

Customers like the value of the herbal supplement. They say it's a cheap alternative, more effective at half the price, and has no sales pitch or outrageous gimmicks.

"...BTW, a bonus of BRI's tribulus is it comes at a fraction of the cost of the other tribulus product I had been using...." Read more

"...my first bottle and taste of Tribulus, I also thought the dose rate and price was fine as I like to take 1000mg a day...." Read more

"...I can say without any question, this is one of the most useless supplements I've ever taken. It simply didn't do anything for me...." Read more

"...I am over 50 and every little bit helps and this seems like a small price to pay ...." Read more

Customers find the herbal supplement has a noticeable impact on their energy levels and libido. They also say it helps reduce peaks and valleys of energy and increase power beyond belief.

"...I have noticed an increase in muscle tone, more energy throughout the day , better sex drive, weight loss (5 pounds), more mental focus, regular..." Read more

"...My overall energy levels have increased as well as my drive. Workouts have become a joy!..." Read more

"...it for nearly two months now, and I can say that I am stronger and more powerful ...." Read more

"...So, "different" is good. Energy level is up a bit . I can lift heavier, recover faster...." Read more

Customers are satisfied with the effects of the herbal supplement on stomach. They mention that it has all the positive effects of other test boosters, and helps with weight loss. They also say that it does not give them upset stomach, and that it is an effective Tribulus supplement that does not damage their natural ability to produce testosterone.

"...in muscle tone, more energy throughout the day, better sex drive, weight loss (5 pounds), more mental focus, regular bowel movements, better moods,..." Read more

"...I did not have any side effects when taking this and after this length of time, I am sure I would have if there were any...." Read more

"...Also, my bodyweight has stayed the same while my waist size has reduced. And I show increasing muscular definition...." Read more

"...for approx 10 days and can report that there have been no negative side affects .and I do feel like I am getting good things accomplished during my..." Read more

Customers are satisfied with the performance of the herbal supplement. They mention that it helps them maintain more muscle, makes significant gains in lean muscle mass, and brings out muscle maturity. They also say it keeps them energized and increases muscle tone. Customers also say that it boosted their testosterone levels within 10 days.

"...I have noticed an increase in muscle tone , more energy throughout the day, better sex drive, weight loss (5 pounds), more mental focus, regular..." Read more

"...noticed that I don't fatigue as quickly as before and my muscles have become more defined with the same workout...." Read more

"...cocktail for a little over a month and I've noticed significant gains in muscle size and strength at the gym...." Read more

"...Also, my bodyweight has stayed the same while my waist size has reduced . And I show increasing muscular definition...." Read more

Customers like the effect of the herbal supplement on testosterone. They say it increases libido, perks up their sexual desire, and improves male sexual performance. Some mention that it gives them an alpha male feel and makes them pay more attention to women.

"...an increase in muscle tone, more energy throughout the day, better sex drive , weight loss (5 pounds), more mental focus, regular bowel movements,..." Read more

"There was a noticeable difference in strength, endurance and sexual arousal ; however, not without side effects...." Read more

"...I have more energy, my libido has skyrocketed , my mood has greatly improved...." Read more

"...I can definitely feel the difference. My libido has reawakened and I'm hoping with continued use it will continue to get better...." Read more

Reviews with images

Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews

Top reviews from the United States

There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..

Disclaimer : While we work to ensure that product information is correct, on occasion manufacturers may alter their ingredient lists. Actual product packaging and materials may contain more and/or different information than that shown on our Web site. We recommend that you do not solely rely on the information presented and that you always read labels, warnings, and directions before using or consuming a product. For additional information about a product, please contact the manufacturer. Content on this site is for reference purposes and is not intended to substitute for advice given by a physician, pharmacist, or other licensed health-care professional. You should not use this information as self-diagnosis or for treating a health problem or disease. Contact your health-care provider immediately if you suspect that you have a medical problem. Information and statements regarding dietary supplements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease or health condition. Amazon.com assumes no liability for inaccuracies or misstatements about products.

Amazon Newsletter
About Amazon
Accessibility
Sustainability
Press Center
Investor Relations
Amazon Devices
Amazon Science
Sell on Amazon
Sell apps on Amazon
Supply to Amazon
Protect & Build Your Brand
Become an Affiliate
Become a Delivery Driver
Start a Package Delivery Business
Advertise Your Products
Self-Publish with Us
Become an Amazon Hub Partner
› See More Ways to Make Money
Amazon Visa
Amazon Store Card
Amazon Secured Card
Amazon Business Card
Shop with Points
Credit Card Marketplace
Reload Your Balance
Amazon Currency Converter
Your Account
Your Orders
Shipping Rates & Policies
Amazon Prime
Returns & Replacements
Manage Your Content and Devices
Recalls and Product Safety Alerts
Conditions of Use
Privacy Notice
Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
Your Ads Privacy Choices

Quality You can Trust

100 % Satisfaction Guarantee

Find anything you need

You have %itemCount% in your cart. Total being %total%

Tribulus Terrestris

About This Item

Long prized in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, Tribulus Terrestris is a plant-based supplement that may help boost athletic performance, promote healthy blood sugar levels and enhance virility and libido*. It has also shown antioxidant properties that may help protect the organs from oxidative stress, and one of its active compounds, tribulsoin, has shown promise as a potent cardioprotective substance that may support heart health*. With 1500mg per serving, BRI Tribulus makes it easy to add this powerful adaptogen to your diet now!

Promotes Energy.*
Aids with Body Fat Loss.*
Enhances Muscle Growth and Recovery.*
Pure and Potent (45% Steroidal Saponins).*

Serving Size

2 Capsules / Day

Ingredients

Tribulus Terrestris Extract (Fruit) Standardized Extract 45% Steroidal Saponins, Gelatin, Vegetable Magnesium Stearate.

Subscribe to our Newsletter

@2022 BRInutrition.com

JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.

USE APPLOVERS for a 5% discount without minimum!

Available on Play Store

Free shipping from £50
Chat available
Need some help?

Supplements
Phytotherapy

Product values

Verified purchase

Published on 12/15/22

Very good... increases testosterone

Muito bom... aumenta a testosterona

Translated from naturitas.pt

Patricia R.

Published on 2/15/21

Excellent product. Thanks

Excelente produto. Obrigada

Published on 3/20/20

Very good, I highly recommend it to everyone

Muito bom recomendo bastante a todos

Tribulus reviews

Based in 3 reviews

Description

reviews (3)

Questions and answers (0).

Tribulus from Gold Nutrition is a food supplement in tablets based on a concentrated formula of Tribulus terrestris, a high-quality extract with a standardized concentration of 40% saponins.

Properties and benefits of Tribulus

Tribulus is a plant that is used as an anabolic agent for athletes who practice strength exercises.

How to take Tribulus?

It is recommended to take 2 tablets a day, one in the morning and one before going to bed.

Precautions

Do not take in case of hypersensitivity to any of the components of each product. You should not exceed the recommended daily intake. Food supplements are not medicines. If in doubt, consult your doctor or health care professional.

Storage conditions

Store in a cool, dry place.

Composition of Tribulus

Tribulus terrestris (40% steroidal saponins) (1.1 g).

You will find it in Phytotherapy , Sexual dysfunction , Libido and aphrodisiac , Increase muscle mass , Menopause
On an empty stomach
Before going to sleep

There are no questions for this article yet.

Questions and Answers

Ask a question about this article and you will get reply from a huge Naturlovers community

Hello guest!

Account Summary
My Personal Area
My products
Naturitas club
Loyalty points
My Questions
My Product Reviews
Account Information
Personal Data
Address Book
Stored Payment Methods
Newsletter Subscriptions
Registered Customer
New customer

General data protection information Data controller : AMCORE BALANCE, S.L. Purposes : Manage the purchase procedure of the selected products, as well as any question related to it, create your user account and, if you consent, we will send you promotions and personalized content to the email address, telephone number or address. postal address that, you have provided us,as applicable. Rights : You can oppose to the data treatment, limit it, access, rectify, delete it and exercise your right to portability, by sending an e-mail to [email protected] . Additional information : For more information on data protection, please consult our privacy policy .

Forgot your password?

We are renovating Naturitas. We ask you to reset your password to access your account and continue to enjoy all the Naturitas benefits in addition to discovering the news that we are preparing for you.

Enter your email address and you will receive an email with a link to create a new password.

If you don't see it, check the spam, it may have been marked as spam.

Are you joining our #naturlovers community?

If you want to be aware of the more natural news, leave us your email. You won't miss anything!

IMAGES

Trip Nutrition Tribulus 90 Capsules
NOW Sports Nutrition, Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) 1,000 mg, Double
Tribulus Terrestris com Maca (120 tabs)
Trip Nutrition Tribulus Caps
NOW Sports Nutrition, Tribulus (Tribulus terrestris) 500 mg, Enhanced
Tribulus Terrestris TRIB-X 1200mg 100 Tabletes

VIDEO

TRIPS by Culture Trip
Healthy Trail Mix Recipe
Trip
Питание в рейсе: Что по чем? Сколько трачу? Цены на продукты в Европе
LA Nutrition Tribulus

COMMENTS

TRIBULUS
Side Effects. When taken by mouth: Tribulus is possibly safe for most people when taken at doses of 750-1500 mg daily for up to 90 days. Side effects are usually mild and uncommon, but might ...
Tribulus Terrestris: Benefits, Side Effects, and Dosage
Tribulus terrestris is a popular supplement for sexual enhancement and athletic performance. Little is known about its side effects or interactions. ... a 100-gram serving of tribulus terrestris leaves has 292 calories, with 55% of calories coming from carbohydrates, 21% from protein, and 5% from fat. ...
Trip Nutrition Tribulus 90 Capsules
Trip Nutrition Tribulus 90 Capsules. Get the staples you need at an affordable price with Trip Nutrition's essential supplement range. Tribulus is a key part of your sports supplement routine for maintaining natural testosterone levels and supporting muscle building and performance. $29.95. Buy now, Pay later.
Tribulus Terrestris Supplement Benefits, Uses for Libido and More
1. Enhances Libido. Tribulus terrestris is well-known for its natural ability to increase sex drive and improve sexual satisfaction. One study showed that taking Tribulus terrestris enhanced several measures of sexual function in women after just four weeks and led to improvements in desire, arousal, satisfaction, lubrication and pain. ( 1)
Tribulus Terrestris: Uses and Risks
Side effects can include trouble sleeping, an upset stomach, and irregular periods. Risks. Lab tests on animals link tribulus to problems in fetal development. So stay away from tribulus if you ...
Trip Nutrition Tribulus Caps
The active ingredient in Tribulus is Saponin, which works by stimulating the body's production of LH (or pre-testosterone). This then promotes the production of testosterone, the key male hormone responsible for helping to add lean body mass, increase metabolism and keep libido or sex drive levels high. Use Trip Nutrition Tribulus to help with:
What Is Tribulus Terrestris
Tribulus Terrestris contains many plant-based compounds, called phytochemicals, that work in a variety of different ways. These compounds, such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and steroids, influence the cardiovascular system, immune system, and hormone-production in the body. The impacts of these compounds vary based on the amount you take ...
Tribulus terrestris: Health Benefits, Dose & Side Effects
Before starting to take Tribulus terrestris, you should consult a doctor or medicinal plant specialist, as dosage varies depending on each patient's health goals and health status. Possible side effects. Some of the most common side effects that may occur while using Tribulus terrestris include stomach pain, diarrhea, headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, agitation, difficulty sleeping or ...
What is Tribulus Terrestris? Journal Of Nutrition
Tribulus Terrestris is a low-growing, flowering plant that typically reaches a height of about 15-30 centimeters. It has robust, prostrate stems that spread out along the ground and can form dense mats. The plant is covered in thorny spines, which has earned it the name "puncture vine.". The leaves are small, opposite, and pinnate, with ...
Insights into Supplements with Tribulus Terrestris used by Athletes
Herbal and nutritional supplements are more and more popular in the western population. One of them is an extract of an exotic plant, named Tribulus terrestris (TT). TT is a component of several supplements that are available over-the-counter and widely recommended, generally as enhancers of human vitality.
Tribulus Terrestris Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage
Supplement Forms & Dosage. Although tribulus can be supplemented as powdered root or fruit, extracts are much more common.Extracts are usually standardized to contain 15-60% total saponins (~45% is typical) and at least 6% protodioscin [22, 4, 23].Tribulus varieties that grow in eastern Europe have much higher protodioscin (and much lower tribulosin) levels than those grown in India and Vietnam.
The Effects of 6 Weeks of Tribulus terrestris L. Supplementation on
1. Introduction. Dietary supplements are substances that can be used to add nutrients to one's diet and that have a potential nutritional or physiological effect [].In 2020, global trade in dietary supplements was valued at $140.3 billion, and the forecast for the next decade is estimated at an annual growth rate of 8.6% [].Vitamins dominated the market and accounted for 31.4% share in 2020.
Tribulus Benefits, Uses, Dosage & Side Effects
Tribulus, scientifically referred to as Tribulus Terrestris is a plant with a history rooted in traditional medicine and a growing reputation in modern wellness circles.. Tribulus: A Botanical Marvel. Tribulus is a hardy, low-growing plant native to regions in Asia, Africa, and Southern Europe. Its distinctive features include spiky fruits with sharp thorns, which have earned it the common ...
Promising phytopharmacology, nutritional potential, health benefits
Traditional medicines are becoming more popular as people become more aware of the dangers of synthetic pharmaceuticals. Tribulus terrestris L., (Gokharu) an annual herbaceous plant, has been extensively utilized by herbalists for numerous medicinal purposes.T. terrestris has been studied for its multiple therapeutic effects, including immunomodulatory, aphrodisiac, anti-urolithic, absorption ...
TRIBULUS 90 CT
ULTRA HIGH POTENCY BULGARIAN TRIBULUS EXTRACT 650mg at 90% Standardization The active steroidal saponin found within Tribulus Terrestris has been shown to: Increase Testosterone† Enhance LUTEINIZING HORMONE Production† Augment Sex Drive† Boost Muscle Power & Strength† Gaspari Nutrition's® Tribulus is the premier option for those looking for the most powerful Tribulus Terrestris ...
Trip Nutrition Tribulus 90 Capsules
The active ingredient in Tribulus is Saponin, which works by stimulating the body's production of LH (or pre-testosterone). This then promotes the production of testosterone, the key male hormone responsible for helping to add lean body mass, increase metabolism and keep libido or sex drive levels high. Use Trip Nutrition Tribulus to help with:
Tribulus terrestris
Tribulus has not been shown to treat or prevent cancer in humans. Tribulus is an herb that grows in the subtropical regions of eastern and western Asia, southern Europe, and Africa. It is used in traditional medicine for chest pain, heart problems, dizziness, skin and eye disorders, to expel kidney stones, and as a diuretic and tonic.
BRI Nutrition Tribulus Terrestris
Find helpful customer reviews and review ratings for BRI Nutrition Tribulus Terrestris - 180 Count 45% Steroidal Saponins - Highest Purity On The Market - 1500mg Maximum Strength Bulgarian Tribulus (180 Capsules) at Amazon.com. Read honest and unbiased ... One night I woke with hives spreading over my entire body and had to make a trip to the ...
BRI Nutrition Tibullus Terrestris Steroidal Saponins & Protodioscin
Forget the 30 or 60 day supply, we give you a full 90 day supply of Tribulus. WHAT IT IS: Tribulus is a plant-based supplement derived from the Tribulus plant. The steroidal saponins found in the plant form of Tribulus. Go ahead and compare our Tribulus to any on the market. Forget those guys trying to sell you 10% or even 25% of Steroidal ...
Tribulus Terrestris
About This Item Long prized in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, Tribulus Terrestris is a plant-based supplement that may help boost athletic performance, promote healthy blood sugar levels and enhance virility and libido*. ... Contact Info BRI Nutrition LLC,1460 Broadway New York, NY 10036 [email protected] 1- (800) 279-0372 ...
Tribulus terrestris and Sport Performance: A Quantitative and
Dietary supplements are commonly used among athletes, and the Internet may be an easy source of these products. Tribulus terrestris is an herbal supplement with multiple properties. Of interest to athletes are reports that its consumption can lead to muscle mass gain and a faster recovery process. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to determine the availability of Tribulus ...
Buy Tribulus 60 tablets Gold Nutrition
Tribulus from Gold Nutrition is a food supplement in tablets based on a concentrated formula of Tribulus terrestris, a high-quality extract with a standardized concentration of 40% saponins. View description . $18.14 Msrp Price $19.59. This product is no longer available . Store ...

The Benefits of Tribulus Terrestris

Health Benefits

Sexual Health

Athletic Performance

Blood Pressure

Kidney Stones

Tribulus Terrestris Supplement Benefits for Libido, Blood Sugar & More

What Is Tribulus Terrestris?

Health Benefits

1. Enhances Libido

2. Acts as a Natural Diuretic

3. Relieves Pain and Inflammation

4. Lowers Blood Sugar

5. Improves Heart Health

6. May Help Fight Cancer

Side Effects

Uses in Ayurveda and TCM

Tribulus Terrestris vs. Testosterone

Dosage and Supplements

How to Use Tribulus Terrestris

History/Facts

Risks and Interactions

Final Thoughts

Read Next: Maitake Mushroom Benefits Blood Sugar, Cholesterol, Immunity & More

More Nutrition

Trip Nutrition Tribulus Caps

Get 5% Off Your Order

What Is Tribulus Terrestris | How Does It Work?

How Does It Work?

What Is Tribulus Terrestris ?

Frequently Asked Questions about Tribulus

How Long Does Tribulus Take to Work?

Related Articles

How To Ripen Avocados In Literally Minutes (Or Days, If You Prefer)

Simplify Your Nutrition With Goal-Focused Supplement Bundles

The Benefits Of A Weight Training Programme

The Yoga Edit: Everything You Need To Flow

Carb Refeeds | Boosting Your Leptin Hormone For Fat Loss

27 Protein Pancake Recipes That’ll Keep You Full Until Lunch

What To Eat After Your First Gym Session Back

Clear Whey Protein Trifle | Macro-Friendly Dessert

Tribulus terrestris: Health Benefits, Dose & Side Effects

Health benefits

Recommended dose

Possible side effects

Contraindications for use

More on this subject

Soursop: 10 Health Benefits, Tea Recipes, & Nutritional Info

Rosemary Tea: 10 Health Benefits, How to Make & Side Effects

Right Side Abdominal Pain: 8 Top Causes (& Related Symptoms)

Horsetail Tea: 7 Health Benefits, How to Make & Side Effects

How to Throw Up: 10 Tips to Vomit Safely (& When)

Pain in Lower Left Abdomen: 13 Possible Causes

Headache on the Left Side of Head: 7 Causes (& What to Do)

Ashwagandha: Benefits, How to Use & Side Effects

Tribulus Terrestris Benefits, Side Effects & Dosage

Common Side Effects

Prostate Effects

Liver and Kidney Health Concerns

Drug Interactions

Blood Pressure-Lowering and Heart Rate-Lowering Drugs

Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs

Related Articles View All

10 Uses of Yarrow (Achillea Millefolium) Tea & Extract

Tribulus: Everything You Need to Know About It

Tribulus Benefits, Uses, Dosage & Side Effects

Tribulus Main Benefits

Complementing Herbs

Side Effects, Precautions & Drug Interaction

Tribulus Dosage and Available Forms

Questions About Tribulus

Article Sources

Promising phytopharmacology, nutritional potential, health benefits, and traditional usage of Tribulus terrestris L. herb

Mahzaib Munawar

Jannat Bi Bi

Shabbir Ahmed

Muhammad Zia Ahmad

Asghar Ali Kamboh

Muhammad Naveed

Huayou Chen