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The ETC/UNWTO publication on Exploring Health Tourism aims to provide a better understanding of the growing segment of wellness and medical tourism. The study introduces the evolution of health-related tourism products and services from all around the world and provides insights into the current situation of the industry, as well as the future potential. It also includes a comprehensive taxonomy that serves as a common reference for tourism destinations operating in this field, as well as a practical toolkit to assist NTOs and DMOs with their planning and management of health-related tourism activities.

Click here   for the Executive Summary of this publication.

ISBN : 978-92-844-2020-9

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Health Tourism

Berbagai ramuan tumbuhan obat dan pengobatan tradisional asli Indonesia tersebut perlu dilestarikan dan ditingkatkan kualitasnya (tentu saja didukung dengan basis ilmiah kesehatan) agar bisa diintegrasikan di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan sehingga mampu bersaing di pasar global bahkan bisa menarik minat wisatawan luar negeri untuk memanfaatkannya. Menurut data pola konsumsi global yang dipaparkan Menteri Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Mari Elka Pangestu, Rabu (4/1/2012), 27 persen konsumsi wisatawan global adalah kesehatan dan agama(Kompas).

Untuk itu, tahun 2012 menjadi tonggak dikembangkannya wisata kesehatan/ health tourism di Indonesia. Health tourism merupakan perpaduan antara Medical Tourism dan Wellness Tourism . Wellness atau healthy lifesytle tourism yang memberikan layanan peningkatan kesehatan, pemeliharaan dan pencegahan yang lebih ditekankan pada relaksasi dan keindahan penampilan,  seperti pemeliharaan kecantikan, berat badan, dan kebugaran. Medical tourism memberikan pelayanan tindakan medik pengobatan konvensional maupun tradisional seperti operasi kecantikan ( cosmetic surgery ),  transplantasi organ,  khemoterapi, fisio terapi, pijat reflexi, tusuk jarum (akupunktur). Sasaran pengembangan health tourism adalah masyarakat lokal dan masyarakat manca negara.

Tanggal 28 November – 1 Desember 2012 merupakan saat yang tepat untuk memulai gerakan terpadu dalam pengembangan Health Tourism di Indonesia dengan dilaksanakannya International Health Tourism Conference . Tujuan dilaksanakannya konferensi tersebut adalah untuk memperkenalkan potensi pengembangan Health Tourism di Indonesia, mengembangkan dan mempromosikan sistem kesehatan di Indonesia menuju world class health care , mengetahui upaya pengembangan Health Tourism di negara ASEAN yang sudah berhasil baik, serta memperkuat hubungan regional negara-negara ASEAN dalam menuju global health tourism.

Pada saat temu media Health Tourism tanggal 2 November di Ruang Mahar  Marjono yang dipimpin oleh Dr.Untung Suseno, MPH (Ketua Pokja Health Tourism ) yang didampingi oleh Dr.Abidinsyah Siregar, DHSM, M.Kes -Direktur Bina Yankes Tradkom dijelaskan bahwa tema konferensiadalah PUBLIC AND PRIVATE P ARTNERSHIP THROUGH INDONESIAN HEALTH TOURISM FOR CONTRIBUTING ASEAN COMMUNITY.

Konferensi akan dilaksanakan selama 4 hari dengan metode Seminar, pameran dan kunjungan lapangan dengan melibatkan narasumber dari lintas program dan lintas sektor baik dari dalam negeri maupun luar negeri dengan dukungan pendanaan dari APBN, ASEAN Foundation dan WHO.

Health tourism ini merupakan langkah awal dari ambisi Indonesia yang begitu besar. Untuk tahap pertama ini merupakan perkenalan potensi Indonesia atas sistem kesehatan  Indonesia yang diharapkan akan menarik minat negara lain untuk berinvestasi di Indonesia.

Untuk medical health tourism , di Indonesia sampai saat ini sudah terdapat 4 rumah sakit swasta yang telah berakreditasi internasional dan ada 9 rumah sakit pemerintah yang sedang proses untuk akreditasi internasional. Masing-masing fasilitas kesehatan tersebut memiliki produk-produk pelayanan khusus yang ditawarkan untuk health tourism . Sedangkan pelayanan spa merupakan salah satu produk yang ditawarkan untuk wellness tourism .

Disampaikan oleh Dr.Untung bahwa Indonesia menjadi salah satu destinasi yang besar untuk wisatawan. Melalui health tourism ini, kita ingin memberitahu dunia bahwa apa yang diinginkan orang asing semua ada di Indonesia (kebugaran, pengobatan dan wisatawan). Dari segi teknologi, Indonesia tidak kalah dengan negara lain cuma Indonesia lemah dalam publikasi.

Dr. Abidinsyah menyebutkan pada akhir acara bahwa dengan health tourism ini kita memasuki era baru dimana kesehatan berpengaruh pada peningkatan jumlah wisatawan yang masuk ke Indonesia. Apalagi dengan kecendrungan/trend back to nature , dimana pengobatan tradisional berperan penting dalam promotif dan preventif. Kita tidak bisa membendung masyarakat Indonesia untuk berobat keluar negeri tapi yang harus kita lakukan adalah mempersiapkan diri untuk memberikan pelayanan kesehatan yang terbaik.

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Opini > Era Baru, Health Tourism Pascapandemi COVID-19

Era Baru, Health Tourism Pascapandemi COVID-19

Oleh Albertha Dwi Setyorini, Ari Yuniarso

Pada artikel kali ini penulis akan membahas sesuatu yang menarik loh!.. Wah apa itu? Pasti  penasaran kan? Yuk mari kita simak pembahasan mengenai health tourism .

Dari sekian banyak keterpurukan di sektor industri akibat pandemi Covid-19 yang melanda Indonesia, pariwisata menjadi sektor yang paling terdampak kuat akibat pandemi Covid-19 yang kemudian berefek domino ke sektor lain. Data dari Perhimpunan Hotel dan Restoran Indonesia (PHRI) menyebutkan kerugian pariwisata per Oktober 2020 adalah sebesar US$1,5 miliar atau sekitar 21 triliun.

Berdasarkan pada kondisi tersebut, dibutuhkan strategi tepat untuk bisa memulihkan dan menggerakkan roda perekonomian khususnya di sektor pariwisata. Konsep baru dalam pariwisata yang mengintegrasikan berwisata aman dengan mengutamakan kesehatan diyakini menjadi salah satu solusi untuk mendorong bangkitnya perekonomian lokal.

Konsep ini menjadi salah satu alternatif wisata yang sangat bisa dikembangkan di masa pandemi seperti saat ini . Bahkan, Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif menyatakan siap menggarap health tourism untuk membangkitkan kembali pariwisata pascapandemi covid-19. Kegiatan berwisata juga harus menjalankan protokol kesehatan berbasis CHSE (Cleanliness, Health, Safety and Environmental Sustainability) yang akan menjadi kebutuhan wisatawan saat ini.

Health tourism, mungkin istilah tersebut masih terdengar asing jika dibandingkan konsep lain, seperti pariwisata budaya atau pariwisata berkelanjutan. Lalu apa sih sebenarnya yang menjadi arti dari health tourism tersebut?.

Menurut para ahli, health tourism dikategorikan menjadi illness prevention tourism dan spa/convalensce tourism , yang di dalamnya terkategori menjadi jasa kesehatan dan jasa kebugaran, dimana health tourism dapat diartikan sebagai pariwisata kesehatan berupa perjalanan untuk pemeliharaan dan atau pemulihan kesehatan yang pada hakekatnya dilakukan oleh orang yang sehat, tidak menderita suatu penyakit, atau orang yang baru sembuh dari perawatan.

Jadi health tourism tidak hanya berupa kegiatan fisik, tetapi kegiatan yang mengkombinasikan antara kegiatan fisik, psikologi dan spiritual sehingga diperoleh keseimbangan antara kesehatan fisik, psikologi dan spiritual.

Pada era sekarang ini, kegiatan dari health tourism sudah banyak ditemukan. Salah satu contoh wisata health tourism yaitu dengan melakukan spa, yoga, dan meditasi untuk menjaga kesehatan mental dan pikiran.

Sejauh ini, untuk perkembangan health tourism belum banyak disadari sebagai potensi bisnis yang sangat potensial di Indonesia, padahal Indonesia memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk pengembangan health tourism tersebut. Sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia, untuk bahan penyembuhan dan relaksasi (rejuvenate) yang bersifat holistic melalui penggunaan rempah-rempah, bumbu-bumbuan dan tumbuh-tumbuhan seperti padi, kelapa, jahe dan lain-lainnya yang tentu saja sudah menjadi kebiasaan turun temurun dan sebagian telah dikemas menjadi industri SPA, dan dalam dekade terakhir industri SPA and wellness ini berkembang sangat cepat dan menghasilkan pendapatan cukup tinggi.

Jika manusia masih memiliki rasa untuk “self-responsibility”, dapat dipastikan akan membutuhkan jasa health tourism . Produk dari health tourism dapat dikategorikan pada beberapa kelompok yakni; mind mental activity/education, health nutrion/diet, body physical fitness/beauty care, dan relaxation rest/meditation.

Wah ternyata wisata tidak hanya untuk bersenang-senang saja. Namun, dalam berwisata tetap bisa menjaga bahkan meningkatkan kondisi kesehatan.

Strategi yang bisa dilakukan pelaku industri pariwisata pada saat ini antara lain :

1. Membuat branding strategi yang baru, misalnya “No Worries of Corona, Enjoy Your Holiday.”, “Keep Traveling and Stay Healthy.” 2. Menggunakan media sosial untuk melakukan promosi secara masif, misalnya lewat Instagram, Twiter dan Facebook. 3. Melakukan promosi safety and health of tourism ke wisatawan domestik dan internasional. 4. Mendukung para pelaku / stakeholder pariwisata dalam industri pariwisata misalnya pemerintah dan perbankan memberikan relaksasi pinjaman bank, keringanan retribusi pajak pemerintah daerah. dll 5. Menguatkan SOP mitigasi pariwisata (wabah penyakit dan bencana alam). Indonesia adalah negara prone to disasters artinya kita dekat dengan keadaan bencana alam sewaktu-waktu seperti gunung berapi meletus, longsor, banjir, atau bencana non-alam seperti wabah pandemi Covid-19 seperti saat ini. 6. Prioritas wisata ekoturisme (memadukan alam dan budaya) dibanding mass tourism. Karena orang akan lebih selektif memilih wisata yang bersifat privat dibanding secara group tour dan menghindari tour massal.

Keberadaan health tourism adalah sebuah peluang dan kekuatan untuk menambahkan daya saing sektor pariwisata sebagai sebuah destinasi pariwisata. Bisnis health tourism ini merupakan kesempatan nyata untuk mengambil sebuah keuntungan, dan menciptakan prospek pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan.

Selanjutnya, ada tiga hal yang harus diperhatikan industri pariwisata di tempat tujuan atau tempat lokasi wisata itu berada yakni :

1. Memperhatikan protokol kesehatan yang bersifat wajib atau mandatory dan menjaga kebersihan lokasi wisata. 2. Menjaga keselamatan dan keamanan (sistem mitigasi diperkuat baik bencana alam dan non-bencana alam seperti wabah penyakit). 3. Menjaga kenyamanan (hospitality), melakukan pembangunan infrastruktur dasar misalnya jalan dan jembatan di tempat wisata.

Pada akhirnya kita menuju ke new discourse of tourism serta diharap bisa memulihkan ekonomi pariwisata kita ke depan dengan tujuan akhirnya yakni kesejahteraan masyarakat.

Demikian artikel ini dibuat untuk pengembangan pariwisata yang berkelanjutan berbasis wisata sehat pascapandemi COVID-19.

Penulis, mahasiswa Program Doktor, Konsentrasi Service Management, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Trisakti

BERITA TERKAIT DARI PENULIS

Bali Segera Jadi Destinasi “Health Tourism” Unggulan

Health Tourism: Pendekatan Baru Pariwisata Bali

“Grand Design” Bali Pascapandemi COVID-19

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Medical, Health and Wellness Tourism Research—A Review of the Literature (1970–2020) and Research Agenda

1 Institute for Big Data Research in Tourism, School of Tourism Sciences, Beijing International Studies University, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100024, China; nc.ude.usib@anilgnohz (L.Z.); moc.361@5220niloabgned (B.D.); moc.361@gnay__uyil (L.Y.)

Baolin Deng

Alastair m. morrison.

2 Greenwich Business School, Old Royal Naval College, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9SL, UK; [email protected]

J. Andres Coca-Stefaniak

Associated data.

Data are reported in the article.

Medical, health and wellness tourism and travel represent a dynamic and rapidly growing multi-disciplinary economic activity and field of knowledge. This research responds to earlier calls to integrate research on travel medicine and tourism. It critically reviews the literature published on these topics over a 50-year period (1970 to 2020) using CiteSpace software. Some 802 articles were gathered and analyzed from major databases including the Web of Science and Scopus. Markets (demand and behavior), destinations (development and promotion), and development environments (policies and impacts) emerged as the main three research themes in medical-health-wellness tourism. Medical-health-wellness tourism will integrate with other care sectors and become more embedded in policy-making related to sustainable development, especially with regards to quality of life initiatives. A future research agenda for medical-health-tourism is discussed.

1. Introduction

In 1841, Thomas Cook organized a tour of 570 people to travel from Leicester to Loughborough’s hot springs [ 1 ]. This was the first historically documented tour arranged by a travel agent. However, far earlier, people in Ancient Greece used to travel considerable distances for medical treatment [ 2 ]. Thus, the pursuit of health and medical care has been an essential reason for travel for centuries.

Today, people continue to travel in the pursuit of relaxation, for health reasons, as well as fitness and well-being [ 3 ]. As a response to this growing demand, countries, medical providers, and hospitality and tourism organizations are adapting to offer a broader set of medical, health, and wellness tourism experiences.

The concept of medical-health-wellness tourism has emerged relatively recently as a scholarly field of enquiry in tourism [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. Although it has been pointed out that travel medicine has existed for 25 years [ 7 ], much of the research related to this has traditionally focused on medical aspects with inadequate consideration given to travel or tourism. Medical-health-wellness tourism can be classified into two primary categories according to a tourist’s choice - obligatory or elective. Obligatory travel occurs when required treatments are unavailable or illegal in the place of origin of the traveler and, as a result of this, it becomes necessary to travel elsewhere to access these services. Elective travel is usually scheduled when the time and costs are most suitable, and the treatments may even be available in the travelers’ home regions [ 8 ]. Other studies have classified these forms of travel and tourism into specific types based on the purpose of the treatment, such as dental tourism [ 9 ], stem cell tourism [ 10 ], spa tourism [ 11 ], springs tourism [ 12 ], IVF treatment [ 13 ], hip and knee replacements, ophthalmologic procedures, cosmetic surgery [ 5 ], cardiac care, and organ transplants [ 14 ].

A consensus is yet to be established on the definitions and contents of medical-health-wellness tourism, and how they interact, including their potential overlaps. Medical travel and tourism, health tourism, wellness tourism, and other similar terms (e.g., birth tourism, cosmetic surgery tourism, dental tourism) tend to be investigated separately in tourism research [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. Notwithstanding the apparently disconnected nature of published research in this field, medical-health-wellness tourism has become much more popular for a variety of economic, cultural, lifestyle and leisure reasons [ 11 , 21 , 22 ]. Given their rapid development, it seems appropriate to conduct a comprehensive review of the definitions, history, typologies, driving factors, and future directions for these forms of tourism.

This study firstly reviews existing scholarly research through a meta-analysis of medical-health-wellness publications in the context of tourism ( Section 2 ). Then, the method used to analyze the data collected from ISI Web of Science is outlined in Section 3 , followed by a discussion of the research findings ( Section 4 ). Finally, in Section 5 , the conclusions, future research directions, and limitations of the study are presented.

2. Scholarly Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Medical, Health and Wellness Tourism

Previous reviews of the literature and meta-analyses have contributed to clarifying the overall understanding of medical-health-wellness tourism. Existing literature reviews tend to be very broad, spanning health-oriented tourism, medical tourism, sport and fitness tourism, adventure tourism, well-being (Yang sheng in Chinese) tourism, cosmetic surgery tourism, spa tourism, and more.

Medical tourism is an expanding global phenomenon [ 15 , 23 , 24 ]. Driven by high healthcare costs, long patient waiting lists, or a lack of access to new therapies in some countries, many medical tourists (mainly from the United States, Canada, and Western Europe) often seek access to care in Asia, Central and Southern Europe, and Latin America [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. There are potential biosecurity and nosocomial risks associated with international medical tourism [ 28 ]. One research study collected 133 electronic copies of Australian television programs (66 items) and newspapers (65) about medical care overseas from 2005 to 2011 [ 29 ]. By analyzing these stories, the researchers discovered that Australian media coverage of medical tourism was focused geographically mainly on Asia, featuring cosmetic surgery procedures and therapies generally not available in Australia. However, people tend to engage with medical tourism for a broad range of reasons. In some cases, it is better service quality or lower treatment costs that prevail. In other cases, treatments may not be available locally, or there are long patient waiting lists for non-emergency medical care. Some 100 selected articles were reviewed and categorized into different types of medical tourism depending on the medical treatments they involved, such as dentistry, cosmetic surgery, or fertility work [ 25 ]. An analysis was done on 252 articles on medical tourism posted on the websites of the Korean Tourism Organization and the Korean International Medical Association [ 30 ]. This work enhanced the understanding of medical tourism in Korea as well as identifying the key developmental characteristics. Another research study detailed patient experiences in medical travel, including decision making, motivations, risks, and first-hand accounts [ 31 ]. A literature review was conducted on international travel for cosmetic surgery tourism [ 5 ] and it concluded that the medical travel literature suffered from a lack of focus on the non-surgery-related morbidity of these tourists.

Another set of authors defined health tourism as a branch of tourism in general in which people aim to receive specific treatments or seek an enhancement to their mental, physical, or spiritual well-being [ 32 ]. This systematic literature review assessed the value of destinations’ natural resources and related activities for health tourism. It was argued that most of the research on health tourism has focused on travel from developed to developing countries, and that there is a need to study travel between developed nations [ 33 ].

Wellness tourism is a key area of relevant research as well [ 34 ]. One research study reviewed trends in wellness tourism research and concluded that tourism marketing had so far failed to tap into the deeper meaning of wellness as a concept [ 35 ]. The emergence of health and wellness tourism was explored with their associated social, political, and economic influences [ 13 ]. A review was conducted of the development of wellness tourism using the concept of holistic wellness tourism where it was found that the positive impacts of this type of tourism on social and economic well-being were key to its rising levels of popularity [ 36 ].

All in all, although earlier literature reviews provide invaluable insights into medical-health-wellness tourism, there is a lack of studies that approach this concept in a holistic way. This research seeks to redress this balance by delivering a holistic review of the literature with the following objectives in mind: (1) investigating international journal articles across the typologies of tourism outlined above; (2) identifying influential scholars that have significantly contributed to this field; and (3) summarizing key trends in markets, industry development and promotion, as well as policy-making and impacts. In order to achieve this, a systematic review was conducted to analyze research articles in medical-health-wellness tourism published over a 50-year period from 1970 to 2020.

3.1. Data Collection

A two-step approach was adopted for the development of a database of publications for analysis with CiteSpace. The first step involved a search for relevant, high-quality refereed articles in medical-health-wellness tourism. Several academic journal databases, within tourism and hospitality but also including other disciplines too, were searched for relevant articles in medical-health-wellness tourism using a set of selected keywords. The ISI Web of Science and Scopus were chosen for this purpose as a result of their international recognition and comprehensiveness. Articles included in the list of references of selected articles were also considered valid as part of this search, in line with methodological suggestions for systematic literature searches [ 37 ]. Cited articles were also collected from prominent journals, including the Southern Medical Journal, Journal of Travel Medicine, BMC Public Health, Annals of Tourism Research, Tourism Management, Journal of Travel Research, and Journal of Vacation Marketing. Non-tourism related journals were selected as well including Amfiteatru Economic, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, Public Personal Management, and Revista de Historia Industrial. Adding these references not only delivered a higher number of relevant articles to the database, but it also increased its representativeness.

The second step involved using appropriate, valid and representative search keywords. A total of 986 articles were gathered using the following keywords: medical tourism, health tourism, wellness tourism, and spa tourism. After careful sorting of these publications, using their abstracts and keywords, the number of articles in the database was narrowed down to 802. Of these, 615 were obtained using the keywords medical tourism or wellness tourism, 157 were located by searching for health tourism, and 30 were discovered using spa tourism as the search term. Using the above keywords and restricting the search to 50 years (1970–2020), the first article was found to be published in 1974. As a result, the ensuing analysis of the literature comprises the period from 1974 to 2020.

3.2. Data Analysis

The research tool used for this study was CiteSpace, which is a bibliometric analysis software developed by Professor Chaomei Chen of Drexel University based on the Java framework [ 38 ]. This software assists researchers in the analysis of research trends in a specific field of knowledge and presents scientific knowledge structures through visualization. It has been applied to numerous research fields by scholars from many countries. The data processing for this research used the software V.5.7.R2 (64-bit) version.

The data were classified and analyzed to achieve three specific goals. The first and primary goal of this review work was to analyze the content of the chosen articles, including year of publication, authors, journal impact factors, and the institutional affiliations of scholars in this field. The data were then sorted into categories. The order of authorship was not recorded. For multiple-authored articles, each author was given the same level of credit as sole authors. Second, one of the aims of this research was to discover associations in authorships, regions, and affiliations using statistical analysis. Third, the 802 articles were classified into dominant thematic categories applying the approach proposed by Miles and Huberman [ 39 ]. Three flows of analytical activities were targeted here: data reduction, data display, and verification of data. In the data reduction activity, the word count technique was adopted. Through content analysis, each article’s title and full-text body were recorded for word counting. The most frequently appearing words were extracted to represent the main topics of the collected articles. The dominant thematic categories to be explored further based on the content analysis and word count were: (1) tourism market: tourist demand and behavior; (2) tourism destinations: development and promotion; and (3) tourism development contexts: policies and impacts.

Finally, in order to refine the set of topic sub-categories, abstracts, first paragraphs, and conclusions were read to make the most appropriate assignments. This approach contributed to the more advanced stages of development of the classification of sub-categories and, consequently, the verification of findings.

This section presents the results of the data analysis carried out in this study and provides further insights on the methodology adopted.

4.1. Overview of Articles Published

The 802 articles selected were all published in English and in international peer-reviewed academic journals. Figure 1 displays the timeline distribution of the research on medical-health-wellness tourism and shows a steady growth in publications in this field between 1974 and 2020. This growth in scholarly activity is particularly significant from 2010 onwards. In fact, 74.9% of the articles were published between 2013 and 2020.

Number of articles by publication year.

4.2. Source Journals

Initially, the first stage of this literature search involved identifying academic journals publishing research articles on medical-health-wellness tourism. It was found that 38 articles had been published on this topic in Tourism Management, and 24 articles in Social Science & Medicine. Table 1 shows the top ten tourism journals for publications in this field, with Tourism Management in first place.

Tourism journals publishing articles on medical-health-wellness tourism.

Non-tourism journals in fields such as business, economics, and health, also contributed a significant number of publications in this field, as shown in Table 2 .

Non-tourism journals publishing articles on medical-health-wellness tourism.

4.3. Author Productivity and Authorship Analysis

The second aim was to identify the most prolific scholars in medical-health-wellness tourism research. This was achieved using co-occurrence network analysis of the authors of relevant research articles ( Figure 2 ). Each node in the co-occurrence map shown in Figure 2 represents a given scholar. The larger the node, the more articles the authors published on the topic, with the connections between nodes representing cooperation between authors.

Author article productivity.

Among the 2381 authors identified, 1820 (76.4%) contributed to only one article, whereas the remaining 561 (23.6%) authored two or more articles. The three most prolific authors were Jeremy Snyder, Valorie Crooks, and Rory Johnston.

4.4. Author Regions and Affiliations

Another objective was to illustrate the relationships and networks of authors publishing research on medical-health-wellness tourism. An analysis of countries this research originated from was carried out using the CiteSpace software. Figure 3 shows that scholars publishing in this field were distributed across 61 countries. The largest group of authors originated from the USA ( n =197). The second and third largest groups corresponded to Canada ( n = 88) and the UK ( n = 84), respectively, followed by Australia ( n = 70) and South Korea ( n = 65). As shown in Figure 3 , authors from the USA and Canada have made the most significant contributions to medical-health-wellness tourism based on the number of journal articles published.

Country of origin of authors in medical-health-wellness tourism.

As shown in Figure 4 , a significant number of scholars publishing in this field ( n = 47) were affiliated to Simon Fraser University in Canada. This university was followed by Sejong University in South Korea ( n = 13), and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ( n = 13) in the UK. The top universities in terms of author frequency were based in Canada, USA, Australia, UK, South Korea, and Hong Kong.

Institutions of authors.

4.5. Thematic Analysis of Research

The fourth research objective was to elicit the prevailing research themes using the 802 articles gathered. First, an analysis of keyword frequency was performed to identify the main research interests. High frequency keywords reflect the research ‘hotspots’ in the field. Using CiteSpace’s keyword visualization analysis function, the keyword co-occurrence knowledge map of medical-health-wellness tourism research was drawn to grasp the research ‘hotspots’ ( Figure 5 ).

Frequencies of research keywords.

Then, content analysis performed on the articles gathered for this study identified three main themes, namely: markets (tourist demand and behavior), destinations (development and promotion), and development environments (policies and impacts). An uneven distribution of research themes is highlighted in Figure 6 and Figure 7 .

Timeline of research keyword appearance.

Themes of research articles.

4.6. Markets: Demand and Behavior

Previous studies have shown that the growth of medical-health-wellness tourism in developing countries is largely linked to lower costs, shorter patient waiting lists, and better quality of care [ 40 ]. Similarly, it is suggested that the inequalities and failures in domestic health care systems often lead to people seeking treatment to travel abroad to obtain it [ 41 ]. In general terms, higher costs, long patient waiting lists, the relative affordability of international air travel, favorable exchange rates, and the availability of well-qualified doctors and medical staff in developing countries, all contribute to this situation [ 42 ].

As the demand for these forms of tourism has risen over time, processes and factors influencing decision-making have attracted growing levels of scholarly enquiry. For example, a political responsibility model was used to develop a decision-making process for individual medical tourists [ 43 ]. A sequential decision-making process has been proposed, including considerations of the required treatments, location of treatment, and quality and safety issues attendant to seeking care [ 44 ]. Accordingly, it has been found that health information and the current regulatory environment tend to affect the availability of medical care.

Multiple factors may simultaneously influence decisions related to the destination for care, including culture [ 45 ], social norms [ 46 ], religious factors [ 47 ], and the institutional environment [ 48 ]. It is suggested that socioeconomic conditions shape medical travelers’ decision-making and spending behavior relative to treatment, accommodation, and transport choices as well as the length of stay [ 49 ]. Perceived value is a key predictor of tourist intentions. More specifically, perceived medical quality, service quality, and enjoyment significantly influence the intention to travel abroad for medical-health-wellness purposes [ 50 ]. Further, perceived quality, satisfaction, and trust in the staff and clinics have significant associations affecting intentions to revisit clinics and the destination country [ 51 ]. An empirical study was conducted and found that physical convenience in willingness to stay and time and effort savings in perceived price were key factors affecting the decision-making related to medical hotels [ 52 ]. In addition, the level of perceived advantages, price perceptions, and willingness to stay were found to differ significantly between first-time patients and those with two or more previous visits. In addition, it was found that community communication was a major factor influencing decision-making. For instance, it is argued that virtual community membership has a strong influence on tourist behaviors and the way information is transmitted [ 53 ].

Compared to other tourists, the mental activity and behavior of medical-health-wellness travelers are quite different. Medical tourists are less likely to question their need for surgery and tend to be much readier to accept it [ 54 ]. The emotion and anxiety conditions of medical tourists differ from others’ experiences of travel and tourism, as well as their giving and receiving of transnational health care [ 55 ]. It has been found that language barriers and parenting responsibilities can be significant challenges, while hospital staff and their own families are often major sources of support for medical tourists [ 56 ]. Furthermore, there are significant differences among visitors from different countries in terms of choices, discomfort, preferred product items, and attitudes towards medical tourism [ 57 , 58 ].

4.7. Destinations: Development and Promotion

In response to the demands of medical-health-wellness tourism, destination development and promotion are attracting growing levels of scholarly interest. Scholars from different countries have discussed the market status of Turkey [ 12 , 59 ], the Caribbean [ 60 ] and Barbados [ 61 ], India [ 62 , 63 ], Canada [ 64 ], and Albania [ 65 ]. Table 3 outlines the most frequently researched country destinations in this respect.

Medical-health-wellness destination frequency in keywords.

The advantages and disadvantages of Turkey were examined and indicated needs for improvements [ 59 ]. In another research study, three years (2005, 2007, and 2011) of actual and projected operational cost data were evaluated for three countries: USA, India, and Thailand [ 66 ]. This study discussed some of the inefficiencies in the U.S. healthcare system, drew attention to informing uninsured or underinsured medical tourists of the benefits and risks, and determined the managerial and cost implications of various surgical procedures in the global healthcare system.

As regards medical-health-wellness tourism destination development, scholars have explored research from various perspectives. Conceptual frameworks have been developed to include tourism destinations and services in the context of medical and health tourism [ 59 , 67 ]. Advice has been provided from the perspective of public and private hospital doctors [ 68 ]. The principles of designing hospital hotels have been proposed, including proper planning, low prices of tourism services, medical education, creating websites on medical tourism, and health tourism policy councils [ 69 ]. Above all, scholars have posited that meeting or exceeding tourist expectations and requirements should remain the top priorities as regards the effective development of medical tourism destinations [ 69 , 70 ].

Once a medical-health-wellness tourism destination is developed successfully, marketing and promotion are essential to attract tourists. As part of this process, informing potential patients about procedural options, treatment facilities, tourism opportunities, and travel arrangements are the keys to success [ 71 ]. Most tourists rely on the Internet to gather information about destinations, often using mobile devices or personal computers [ 72 ], with websites and social media playing a key role in this respect, and specifically with regards to information about destinations’ medical facilities, staff expertise, services, treatments, equipment, and successful cases [ 73 ]. For example, apps for medical travel are available to attract tourists and promote medical tourism in Taiwan [ 74 ].

Numerous businesses promote medical-health-wellness travel, including medical travel companies, health insurance companies, travel agencies, medical clinics, and hospitals [ 75 ]. Among them, medical travel facilitators play a significant role as engagement moderators between prospective patients in one country and medical facilities elsewhere around the world [ 76 ]. The services offered on medical tourism facilitator websites vary considerably from one country to another [ 77 ]. Although medical travel facilitators operate on a variety of different scales and market their services differently, they all emphasize the consumer experience through advertising quality assurance and logistical support [ 78 ].

Scholarly research has also considered the factors that need to be taken into consideration in medical-health-wellness tourism promotion. This research has suggested that destinations should identify the specifics in their health tourism resources, attractions, and products, seek collaboration with others, and build a common regional brand [ 79 ]. Regional differences should be considered in the process of marketing as medical-health-wellness tourism is a global industry [ 77 ]. International advertisers need to understand the important, contemporary, and cultural characteristics of target customers before promotion [ 80 ]. Similarly, destinations need to portray safe and advanced treatment facilities to dispel potential patient worries and suspicions. Messages related solely to low cost may detract from and even undermine messages about quality [ 71 ]. However, while benefits are highly emphasized online, websites may fail to report any procedural, postoperative, or legal concerns and risks associated with medical tourism [ 81 ].

4.8. Development Environments: Policies and Impacts

The rise of medical-health-wellness tourism emphasizes the privatization of healthcare, an increasing dependence on technology, and the accelerating globalization of healthcare and tourism [ 82 ]. There are challenges and opportunities in the development of these tourism forms. For instance, it has been suggested that medical tourism distorts national health care systems, and raises critical national economic, ethical, and social questions [ 83 ]. Along with the development of medical-health-wellness tourism, social-cultural contradictions [ 84 ] and economic inequities are widening in terms of access, cost, and quality of healthcare [ 85 ]. It is argued that this tourism leads destinations to emphasize tertiary care for foreigners at the expense of basic healthcare for their citizens [ 86 ]. Moreover, in some instances, this phenomenon can exacerbate the medical brain drain from the public sector to the private sector [ 43 , 87 , 88 ], leading to rising private health care and health insurance costs [ 88 ].

While medical-health-wellness tourism is a potential source of revenue, it also brings a certain level of risk to destinations and tourists [ 89 ]. The spread of this type of tourism has been posited as a contributing factor to the spread of infectious diseases and public health crises [ 90 , 91 ]. Medical tourists are at risk of hospital-associated and procedure-related infections as well as diseases endemic to the countries where the service is provided [ 92 ]. Similarly, the safety of some treatments offered has also been the subject of growing levels of scrutiny. Contemporary scholarship examining clinical outcomes in medical travel for cosmetic surgery has identified cases in which patients traveled abroad for medical procedures and subsequently returned home with infections and other surgical complications [ 93 ]. Stem cell tourism has been criticized on the grounds of consumer fraud, blatant lack of scientific justification, and patient safety [ 94 , 95 ]. During the process of medical tourism, inadequate communication, and information asymmetry in cross-cultural communication may bring medical risks [ 96 ].

Medical-health-wellness tourism has emerged as a global healthcare phenomenon. Policy guidance is vital for the development of this sector in the future [ 97 ]. There are policy implications for the planning and development of medical-health-wellness tourism destinations [ 98 ]. Generally, it has been found that the medical-health-wellness tourism sector tends to perform better in countries with a clear policy framework for this activity [ 99 ]. Similarly, scholars have argued the need for a clearer policy framework regulating tourism agencies and the information and services they provide [ 100 ]. The upsurge of these tourism forms presents new opportunities and challenges for policy makers in the health sector. It has been argued that existing policy processes are mainly based on entrenched ideological positions and more attention should be paid to robust evidence of impact [ 101 ]. The UK developed policies focused on ’patient choice’ that allow people who are able and willing to choose to travel further for healthcare [ 102 ]. However, more robust policy making is still required to strengthen national health services and facilitate medical-health-wellness tourism sector development in destinations [ 103 , 104 ].

5. Discussion and Conclusions

5.1. generation discussion.

This study is based on a literature review of 802 articles on medical-health-wellness tourism from 1970 to 2020. Jeremy Snyder was found to be the most prolific author in this field with 45 articles. It has been found that the literature on this topic can be summarized into three themes: markets (tourist demand and behavior), destinations (development and promotion), and development environments (policies and impacts). The scholarly research in this growing field has undergone a shift in emphasis from tourist demand and behavior to the promotion and development of destinations, and, more recently, to policies and impacts.

To attract more tourists, destinations should explore their potential for medical-health-wellness tourism. Accessibility, procedural options, treatment facilities, travel arrangements, safety guarantees, and government policies remain influential factors. In the development and promotion of this form of tourism, childhood vaccinations, oral health, legal frameworks, evaluation systems, entrance systems, and macro-policy continue to be areas of concern and where further research is required. Above all, meeting or exceeding tourist expectations and requirements is the most important consideration to promote medical-health-wellness tourism. Similarly, appropriate policy guidelines and frameworks are necessary to support this form of tourism. Importantly, medical-health-wellness tourism may result in negative impacts on the healthcare service provision for local residents in poorer countries, with tourists from richer countries benefiting to the detriment of local communities. However, if managed successfully, this form of tourism can also be a force for good in terms of fostering the economic development of countries delivering these services.

The results indicated that the research literature is spread across a range of different disciplines and there is not one single venue for publishing in this field. A better integration of the research and improved understanding of the overlaps among medical, health, and wellness tourism is required.

5.2. Future Research Trends

5.2.1. industrial perspective.

Medical-health-wellness tourism will, over time, integrate fully with other healthcare and wellness services. Similarly, medical challenges such as disease prevention and traditional medicine remain essential directions for the future of health tourism. This form of tourism will also integrate further with industries such as wellness culinary tourism, mindfulness tourism, active tourism (including adventure tourism), and even cosmetic surgery tourism, leading to a vast array of potential research avenues linked to health tourism destinations. These futures will greatly promote the physical and mental health of wellness tourists. This is another emerging direction for future medical-health-wellness tourism research.

5.2.2. Destination Development Perspectives

Medical-health-wellness tourism will become more significant forms of tourism and impact the development of different nations and areas. For example, this tourism will integrate with Chinese traditional culture. Traditional treatments and remedies will become more of an advantage and should be a topic for future medical-health-wellness tourism research, as well as in other countries with unique health cultures, treatments, and procedures.

Thailand, Malaysia, and other Southeast Asian countries are favored by tourists from developed countries due to lower costs. In the future, these areas need to focus more on tourism product design, health tourism marketing, community participation, and cross-cultural communication. Developed countries such as the USA, Japan, and South Korea, will use advanced technology and medical equipment to take the path to high-end, high value-added tourism development. This will lead to some new research opportunities.

5.2.3. Tourist Perspectives

Compared with other types of tourists, the needs of medical-health-wellness tourists will receive more attention. Based on previous research, the psychology and perceived value of these tourists are the focus of considerable research. In the future, more emphasis will be paid to people and especially to their psychological and physiological needs. Research on demand will become a more popular topic of this tourism research. Second, the current research on medical-health-wellness tourists is concentrated on the study of tourists in the USA and Canada. Future research should be more dispersed and diversified. Tourists from emerging countries such as Eastern Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa will receive more attention.

5.3. Limitations

This study, inevitably, has a number of limitations, including the relatively modest amount of articles collected. Only articles written in English were considered. The sample number is rather small to represent the general research trends in medical-health-wellness tourism from 1970 to 2020. Therefore, it is desirable to increase the number of publications and expand the time and language coverage of the research articles to gain more insights.

Although the research scope of medical-health-wellness tourism is vast, it lacks in-depth exploration. Current research is fragmented, lacks continuity and comprehensiveness, and therefore cannot be considered systematic. Also, the legal aspects of the development of this tourism, environmental capacity of medical-health tourism, wellness tourism management, and mechanisms of profit distribution for medical-health-wellness tourism are less frequently mentioned in research articles. Innovation in this field and international cooperation, and talent cultivation are also not sufficiently addressed. The methods used in medical-health-wellness tourism research are often simple. Scholars still use traditional descriptive statistics and related analysis methods. The theoretical foundation of medical-health-wellness tourism is still relatively weak. We are in the primary stage of this tourism research and in the development of related tourism products. People all over the world are eager for healthy lives. Medical-health-wellness tourism is likely to play a more important future role in travel medicine and tourism research. Beyond what has been done already, follow-up research should be focused on interdisciplinarity and based on the integration of industries. More theoretical research is necessary to support the future growth of medical-health-wellness tourism.

Author Contributions

Formal analysis, L.Z.; Funding acquisition, L.Z.; Investigation, L.Z.; Supervision, B.D.; Data collection and analysis, B.D.; Writing-original draft, A.M.M. and J.A.C.-S.; Writing—original draft, A.M.M.; Writing—review & editing, A.M.M., J.A.C.-S. and L.Y.; Data collection and analysis. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant no: 71673015); Ethnic research project of the National Committee of the people’s Republic of China. NO: 2020-GMD-089; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Beijing Foreign Studies University, 2021JS001.

Institutional Review Board Statement

No human subjects were involved in this research and no institutional review was required.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable as there were no human subjects.

Data Availability Statement

Conflicts of interest.

The authors have no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

HEALTH TOURISM

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Medical tourism among Indonesians: a scoping review

• Gregorius Abanit Asa 1   na1 ,
• Nelsensius Klau Fauk 1 , 2   na1 ,
• Caitlan McLean 1 &
• Paul Russell Ward 1  

BMC Health Services Research volume  24 , Article number:  49 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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International medical travel or medical tourism is not a new phenomenon in many countries, including among Indonesians. Indonesia is reported as a major source of patients from the lower, middle, to upper classes for its neighbouring countries. This scoping review aims to synthesise evidence on supporting factors for Indonesians taking medical tourism and what needs to be improved in Indonesia’s health system.

We conducted a scoping review guided by a framework provided by Arksey and O’Malley. We systematically searched existing literature from 5 databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Wiley. Data were extracted based on study details, study design, characteristics of participants and results. Analysis followed the three-stage procedure outlined by Thomas and Harden: (1) coding the text line by line, interpreting the data and identifying concepts or themes; (2) developing descriptive themes by grouping similar concepts in theme and subtheme and (3) generating analytical themes by reviewing preliminary themes and discussing the addition or revision of themes.

A total of 25 articles were included in this review. The review highlights a broad range of facilitators for medical tourism among Indonesians: (i) availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care, (ii) region adjacency, transport, and health agency, (iii) affordability of medical treatment, (iv) religious and socio-cultural factors, and (v) reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors.

The findings indicate improvements in the Indonesian health system are necessary if the increasing rates of international medical tourism by Indonesian people are to change. Addressing the factors identified in this scoping review through avenues including policy may increase people’s satisfaction and trust towards health care and treatment in Indonesia, thereby reducing the number of Indonesian people taking medical tourism.

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Introduction

International medical travel or medical tourism is not a new phenomenon. It refers to the practice of patients travelling overseas for better medical treatment and relaxation [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] and can be traced back to the ancient times when Greek pilgrims travelled from the Mediterranean Sea to Epidaurus, a small territory known as the healing god [ 4 ]. People around the world have travelled to India for Yoga and Ayurvedic healing since the 1500s [ 4 ]. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans travelled to spa towns in the south of France to treat their diseases as well as to enjoy the sun and escape from cold climatic condition [ 5 ]. Since the 19th century, more people have taken international medical travel to treat their diseases [ 6 ]. Medical tourism is correspondent with the growth of global health services, marked by increasing international trade in health products [ 7 ].

Available reports have suggested a significant increase in the volume of international medical travel has occurred since the late 1990s [ 7 ], ranging from thousands to millions every year [ 8 , 9 ]. Asia is among the biggest players driving international medical travel in affordable and high-quality care [ 10 ]. Some Asian countries, such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and India, are considered the major international medical travel destinations [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Thailand has been known as a medical tourism destination since the 1970s [ 15 ]. Malaysia and Singapore have reformed the healthcare system since the 1980s, resulting in improved health quality services attracting people from neighbouring countries [ 16 ]. This is also supported by the advancement of infrastructure and technologies, allowing people to access health services easily and to be well-informed about global health. In the context of Asia, the development of international medical tourism was partly pushed by the Asian financial crisis in the 1990s, particularly caused difficulties and reluctance among many middle class Asia to access private healthcare, resulting in private hospitals generating new sources of revenue by targeting international patients [ 11 , 17 ].

Indonesians have been taking international medical travel to neighbouring countries with better healthcare services for many years. The range of Indonesians health condition treated in neighbouring countries include cardiology treatment (bypass surgery and angioplasty), orthopaedic procedures (knee and hip surgery), cancer treatment (chemotherapy and radiotherapy), cosmetic and plastic surgery procedures (breast augmentation and facelifts), fertility treatment (in-vitro fertilisation and intrauterine insemination), dental treatments, ophthalmology procedures, neurosurgery procedures (brain tumours and spinal surgeries), and urology treatments (kidney stone removal and prostate surgery) [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Studies have reported that Indonesia is a major source of patients from the lower, middle, to upper classes for its neighbour countries [ 23 , 24 , 25 ] and has been the primary revenue contributor for Malaysian (> 75%) and Singapore (60%) medical tourism [ 26 , 27 ]. It is reported that nearly two million Indonesians travelled overseas for medical treatment in 2022 [ 28 ]. Of these, about 1 million travelled to Malaysia, 750,000 to Singapore, and the rest to Japan, the US, Germany and other countries, resulting in Indonesia losing 11.5 billion US Dollars (IDR 170 trillion) annually [ 28 , 29 ]. It is also reported that about 60% of Indonesians who took international medical travel were from Jakarta, 15% were from East Java, and the rest from other cities such as Medan, Batam, and Kalimantan [ 29 ]. Such loss has attracted the Indonesian government’s attention to curb international medical travel, which has started since 2010 by improving health facilities in West Kalimantan to stem people in West Kalimantan from going to Malaysia [ 30 ]. For example, the government invested USD 660,000 to provide magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanners in the public Regional General Hospital Soedarso in Pontianak [ 30 ]. In 2012, an agreement between The Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy and the Ministry of Health was made as part of the effort to strengthen the partnership with Bali International Medical Centre (BIMC) Hospital and the Courtyard by Marriott Bali Hotel and construct a new hospital equipped with world-class facilities in Sanur, Bali in 2016 [ 23 ].

Internationally, studies have suggested push and pull factors to explain why patients travel internationally for their medical care [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ]. Factors included the cost of care in a person’s home country [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] as well as patients’ concerns about quality of services, care, facilities and a lack of qualified doctors [ 33 , 34 ]. Some findings have also suggested that patients’ decisions for medical tourism are influenced by the availability and ease of travel and transportation to the designated countries and better procedures to access medical treatment [ 8 ]. Perceptions of faster and more convenient services in other countries, and distrust in doctors in home countries are also supporting factors for patients’ medical tourism [ 39 ].

Although there have been some reviews on international medical travel in some settings [ 8 , 39 ], there have been no reviews in the context of Indonesia. The authors considered it important to conduct a scoping review to synthesise evidence on reasons or supporting factors for Indonesians travelling overseas for medical treatment. The review was conducted to address a specific question: what factors facilitate Indonesian patients seeking medical treatment overseas? To determine whether there have been any previous reviews exploring topic of medical tourisms among Indonesians, we conducted a preliminary search in PubMed and CINHAL and found no ongoing or published reviews. This scoping review seeks to identify how Indonesia’s existing health care system could be improved to reduce international medical tourism.

To identify available evidence on the topic, we apply several steps suggested in a framework by Arksey and O’Malley and additional recommendations from Levac and colleagues [ 40 , 41 ]: (1) identifying the research question, (2) identifying relevant studies, (3) study selection, (4) charting the data, and (5) accumulating, summarizing, and reporting the results. To guide the search strategy, this review aims to answer the following question: “what are the facilitators for Indonesians taking international medical travel?”.

Search strategy for identifying relevant studies

We developed inclusion and exclusion criteria to guide the search and selection of studies for this review (outlined in Table  1 ). The search included studies from 2000 to July 2023. This timeframe was justified as it aligns with an increase in the rate of international medical travel [ 25 , 34 ]. Data search was conducted from 1 to 10 August 2023 in the following databases: MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Wiley. These databases were chosen as they are among large citation databases providing access to literatures on health and tourism. The following key concepts were used across the databases: international medical travel/medical tourism, patients/travellers, facilitators, and Indonesian. We developed synonyms of the key concepts for the search. A full description of the search terms used for each database is in the supplementary file 1. The search terms were formulated using the combination of key terms or the synonym of each concept using Boolean terms (OR and AND). We also searched grey literature using the key concepts in google scholar and Google to increase comprehensiveness searching of available evidence. Data from across the databases was exported to Endnote and all duplicates were removed. The authors then screened the articles based on the title and abstract. The researchers (GAA and NKF) completed independent screening and blindly labelled each study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Disagreements were resolved by all authors. We also did manual searches of the reference lists of all studies included after screening. An example of a complete search string in Scopus is provided below:

“International medical travel” OR “medical tourism” OR “health tourism” OR “health travel” AND facilitators OR “supporting factors” OR reasons OR “push factors” OR “pull factors” AND patients OR travellers AND indonesia* OR indonesian.

Study selection and screening

Using developed search terms, 649 articles were identified. Of these, 75 were removed due to duplication in endnote software, leaving 572 articles. The remaining articles were screened according to titles and abstracts, resulting in removing 437 articles. We then screened the full texts of the remaining 137 articles. Of these, 118 articles were excluded due to not meeting inclusion criteria. Throughout the screening process, any disagreements were examined through discussion among authors, resulting in 22 articles being included. Three articles were found from the references of the previous literatures, and 3 literatures in Indonesian language were found through google scholar. Finally, 25 literatures were included in the scoping review (Fig.  1 full article screening process).

PRISMA Flow diagram of systematic literature search: records identified, screened, eligible and included in the review

Data extraction and synthesis (charting the data)

An extraction sheet was developed and used to extract the following information from each study: (1) study details: the last name of the first author, year of publication; (2) study design: type of study, study aim and analysis methods; (3) analysis, and (4) results (Supplementary File 2). Data extraction was conducted by GAA and NKF and results were read and discussed by all team members.

Data analysis

Analysis followed the three-stage procedure outlined by Thomas and Harden: [ 42 , 43 ] (1) coding the text line by line, interpreting the data and identifying concepts or themes; (2) developing descriptive themes by grouping similar concepts in theme and subtheme and (3) generating analytical themes by reviewing preliminary themes and discussing the addition or revision of themes. Finally, the major themes relating to Indonesian people undertaking international medical travel were identified and discussed.

Characteristics of included studies

An overview of the characteristics of the included studies can be found in the supplementary file 2. Of the 25 articles discussed in the review, 10 studies used qualitative methods [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ], 12 studies used quantitative methods [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 38 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 ]. Additionally, a mixed-method study [ 59 ], a conference review [ 60 ], and a review [ 23 ] were included. The studies included began from 2011 until 2022. 21 studies discussed Indonesian patients accessing medical treatment in Malaysia [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 39 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 51 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ], 4 studies examined Indonesian patients accessing medical treatment in Singapore [ 23 , 36 , 56 , 60 ], and 3 of the studies examined Indonesian patients accessing medical treatment in Thailand [ 23 , 35 , 36 ]. 22 articles were published in English [ 20 , 21 , 22 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 58 ], and 3 articles were published in Indonesian language [ 55 , 56 , 57 ]. Most participants were from middle to upper class background [ 20 , 21 , 35 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 47 , 54 , 58 , 61 ]. Participants from low economic status were reported in two studies [ 45 , 54 ]. The occupation of the participants included housewife, student, driver, office clerk, civil servant, professional, business owner, and retired [ 21 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 51 ]. The participants were from Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, North Sumatra, West Java, Nort Sulawesi, Riau, West Sumatra, Aceh, Bangka, and Kalimantan [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 54 , 56 , 58 ].

The review of the included studies is discussed in the following themes: (1) availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care: (2) region adjacency, transport, and health agency: (3) affordability of medical treatment: (4) religious and socio-cultural factors: and (5) reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors.

Theme 1: availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care

Health facilities and medical specialists.

Several studies reported that the availability of needed medical treatment, advanced medical technology, and medical specialists for specific health issues in other countries, which are not available in Indonesia have been amongst other main reasons for Indonesians travelling overseas for medical treatment [ 20 , 23 , 35 , 36 , 38 , 45 , 47 , 53 , 60 ]. For example, a study with elderly mothers in Medan, North Sumatra reported a lack of medical equipment for heart and stroke in the setting, leading some Medanese taking international medical travel to Penang, Malaysia for medical treatment [ 35 ]. Similarly, another study with married infertile Indonesian couples suggested that the unavailability of assisted reproduction technologies (ART) in healthcare facilities Indonesia is a supporting factor medical tourism among the Indonesian couples [ 36 ]. In addition, sperm and egg donation as well as surrogacy are strictly banned in Indonesia, giving Indonesian couples no choice but to travel overseas to access the required health service. Lack of medical specialists is another challenge in healthcare facilities in periphery regions of Indonesia. Healthcare facilities in periphery of Indonesia is reported to experience shortage of qualified doctors, and difficulties to retain qualified doctors for long term, leading patients to seeking qualified doctors overseas or in neighbouring countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore [ 45 ]. Such situations are emphasised in Mahendradhata’s study on challenge and risks for healthcare tourism, suggesting that medical specialists, health facilities, and health technicians outside Jakarta are inadequately and unequally distributed, resulting in Indonesians seeking alternative medical treatment overseas [ 23 ].

The knowledge and experiences of well-organised and fast healthcare services in other countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore are also reported as factors attracting Indonesian patients to have medical treatment overseas [ 23 , 37 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 51 , 62 ]. For example, a study reported that it took one day with details clearly explained in a hospital in Penang, Malaysia to be informed about the results of blood test, and four days in Indonesia to receive the results of the same test [ 37 ]. Also, long queues for consultation with medical specialists and disorganised medical records were detrimental for patients’ health, resulting in patients making decision to have medical treatment overseas [ 62 ]. The experiences of complex medical processes and unnecessary requirements had also resulted in disappointment with the hospitals and their services and patients seeking medical treatment overseas [ 45 ]. Meanwhile, the experience of simple ease of making medical appointments with overseas hospitals or doctors from Indonesia through smartphones is also another supporting factor for medical tourism in among Indonesians [ 37 ].

Person-centred care

Several studies reported lack of person-centred care as a supporting factor for Indonesian patients seeking medical treatment overseas [ 45 , 47 , 59 , 62 ]. A study with Indonesian patients in Malaysia and Singapore suggested that patients experienced the feelings of care, respect and positive self-esteem through positive and supporting attitudes and behaviours of medical staffs towards them and their family members during medical treatment [ 45 , 59 ]. Such positive attitudes and behaviours of medical staff are reflected in being cheerful, and smiling while serving, and good communication with patients and their families, which also lead to positive patient-doctor relations [ 62 ]. Thus, studies with Indonesian patients accessing medical treatment in these countries suggested patients felt their dignity being maintained and respected and no frustration due to feeling unimportant or ignored [ 47 ].

Theme 2: region adjacency, transport, and health agency

Geographical and transport factors.

A few studies described several provinces in Indonesia are geographically closer to Malaysia and Singapore than to Jakarta as a supporting factor for Indonesians taking international medical travel to these countries [ 35 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 54 ]. Indonesian patients accessing medical treatment in Penang (Malaysia), were not only from North Sumatra and Aceh but also from Jakarta, East Java, West Java, and other regions in Sumatra [ 54 ]. Patients from Medan and Aceh in Indonesia stated that geographical proximity to Penang-Malaysia and reliability of transport through regular flights and ferries were supporting factors for them taking international medical travel [ 35 ]. These factors were reported to create much more comfortable feeling for Indonesian patients to access medical treatment in Malaysia than in Jakarta, Indonesia [ 44 ]. In addition, some studies reported that Indonesian patients from Kalimantan reached healthcare facilities in Kuching, Malaysia, by bus, taxi and uber (Grab) which are more economical than flying to Jakarta [ 37 , 41 , 44 ]. Taxi drivers were also reported to have knowledge of hospitals for international travellers as they often drove patients from overseas. Taxi drivers shared knowledge such as availability of specialised doctors, further supporting Indonesian patients seeking medical treatment in Malaysia [ 44 ].

Health agency

It was also reported that several Malaysian private hospitals have their official offices in Pontianak, Indonesia, that helped register customers, schedule consultations, and manage complaints [ 45 ]. This was also supported by contractual business between hospitals in Malaysia and certain local companies in Indonesia, acting as “medical representatives” that help facilitate patients to use medical care overseas. Such systems result in successfully recruited an average of 5000 patients per month [ 48 ]. A quantitative study found more than 90% of Indonesians travelling to Malaysia for medical treatment were influenced by marketing promotion programs including word of mouth, advertisements, sales promotion, and public relations [ 58 ]. The regular visitations of Malaysian doctors to Indonesia and holding health exhibition and public talks in temples, churches, and mosques in Indonesia, which introduce and disseminate medical treatment in Malaysia to the Indonesian, were also supporting factors for medical tourism among Indonesians [ 48 ].

Theme 3: affordability of medical treatment

Most of the included studies found that medical treatments in Jakarta and in Kalimantan were more expensive than in Malaysia, another supporting factor for medical tourism for Indonesian people [ 20 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 60 , 49 ]. For example, chemotherapy in Penang, Malaysia was reportedly cheaper than in Jakarta and Medan, Indonesia [ 37 ]. Patients were reported to receive free health consultation following medical treatment in Malaysia [ 52 ]. Meanwhile, patients in Indonesia tended to be asked for frequent paid visits and consultations with doctors, leading to increased medical costs [ 44 ].

For some Indonesian lower middle class patients, accessing medical treatment overseas was acknowledged to have additional financial burdens for transports and accommodations, however such treatment was still considered worthwhile compared to having treatment in Indonesia [ 45 , 46 ]. While for some Indonesian upper class patients, it is their preference to have medical treatment in Singapore and Thailand due to excellent health system and a very high quality of medical care, irrespective of the cost being more expensive in Singapore than Malaysia [ 36 ].

Theme 4: religious and socio-cultural factors

Studies also reported that the preference to have medical treatment overseas was also influenced by religious reasons, cultural background, and their attitudes towards private and public hospitals in Indonesia [ 35 , 36 , 38 , 60 ]. For example, a study suggested that Indonesian Muslim patients accessed In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) in Malaysia due to compatible religious backgrounds feeling safer to be treated by Muslim doctors who knew about halal and haram in Islam law [ 36 ]. Similarly, Chinese Indonesian patients felt comfortable seeking medical treatment in Singapore due to its ethnic Chinese majority [ 36 ]. In addition, having a sense of class difference to native Indonesians and the perceptions that Indonesian government hospitals were for native Indonesians, were also reported as supporting factors for Chinese Indonesian patients to choose private hospitals overseas [ 35 ]. Another supporting factor for medical tourism among Indonesia patients is the sense of self-fulfilment for prestige it provides [ 53 ].

Social support from others (i.e., families, friends, and neighbours) through the provision of information about medical treatment overseas was also an enabling factor for Indonesians’ decisions to take international medical travel [ 21 , 22 , 44 , 45 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. For example, it was reported that around 60% of Indonesian patients took medical travel to Malaysia following recommendation from their families and friends who had either visited or lived there, while some acquired information through the internet (about 14%) and travel agents (around 12%) [ 21 ]. Other findings have also suggested that former Indonesian patients tended to share their experiences and recommended the services of medical specialists in Malaysia to their friends and family [ 45 ]. This is also supported by communication skills of Malaysian doctors in using Chinese dialects when communicating with older Chinese Indonesians [ 45 ].

Language similarities which create easy communication between Indonesian patients and other people or healthcare professionals in Malaysia were also contributing factors for the state of comfort for patients [ 37 , 45 , 59 ]. These were reported to make it easier for Indonesian patients to discuss and describe their health issues to healthcare professionals in Malaysia [ 37 , 45 , 59 ]. In addition, studies also reported that Indonesian patients who travel to Singapore and Thailand were from upper class background and were proficient with English and Chinese languages [ 37 , 59 ].

Theme 5: reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors

Most of the included studies reported a lack of trust in healthcare professionals as an influencing factor for Indonesian patients travelling overseas for medical treatment [ 35 , 37 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 53 , 49 , 63 ]. A study with patients in Pontianak, Kalimantan reported patients’ comparison of ineffective medications prescribed by Indonesian doctors in Pontianak and in Jakarta with medication received from doctors in Kuching, Malaysia, proving to bring positive progress to their health condition [ 44 ]. The ineffective medication was highlighted as the reasons for their multiple visits and consultations with medical doctors in Indonesia, which decreased their trust in the Indonesian doctors and supported their decision for medical tourism [ 44 ]. Patients’ distrust in Indonesian doctors (i.e., in Pontianak, Kalimantan) was also evidenced by the lack of accuracy in health issue diagnosis, leading to patients seeking a second opinion from doctors overseas and receiving different diagnosis results and treatment and experiencing positive health recovery [ 37 , 44 ]. For some patients, the lack of diagnosis accuracy and ineffective medication had led to long period of medical treatments in Indonesia without progress, which was a supporting factor for them seeking treatment overseas [ 44 ]. A couple of studies have suggested criticism and suspicion held by patients towards Indonesian doctors in Pontianak-Kalimantan. This distrust was linked prescription of a range of all antibiotics to patients without accurate diagnosis of the health issue and the tendency for doctors to overstate or exaggerate patients’ diseases [ 44 , 45 ]. For example, a patient had been scheduled for appendix surgery in Indonesia but was diagnosed with simple constipation in Penang, Malaysia [ 35 ]. The lack of trust and confidence in the Indonesian doctors in some settings had led to Indonesian patients travelling to neighbouring countries for medical treatment. They felt that doctors overseas provided clear information regarding the disease and the percentage of likelihood for a cure while patient’s in the studies reported Indonesian doctors in Pontianak were reported to sometimes hide the truth from them [ 45 , 54 ].

Distrust in doctors has been reported to lead to patients visiting Indonesian doctors only for ‘small things’ or health issues and considering taking international medical travel as a better option [ 35 ]. This is in line with another study reporting that some Indonesian patients did not dare to take risk for operation or surgery in Indonesia due to fear of malpractice or failed operation which may lead to negative outcomes including paralysis [ 46 ]. Negative perceptions towards doctors in Indonesia were also attributed to a claim that doctors easily made money via prescribing varieties of medicine for patients to consume which may potentially have high risks of overdoses [ 47 ]. Similarly, another study found that health professionals in Indonesia were reported as being arrogant, incompetent and untrustworthy, leading patients to express disdain to hierarchical medical culture that seemingly positions patients as passive consumers rather than active recipients [ 63 ].

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scoping review to synthesise the available evidence on factors supporting international medical travel from Indonesia. It is noted that the number of Indonesian patients from low, middle, and upper class participating in international medical travel has increased in recent years [ 28 , 53 , 64 ]. Our findings suggest that international medical travel by Indonesian patients is linked to five domains:(i) the availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care in the designated countries, (ii) region adjacency, transport, and health agency, (iii) affordability of medical treatment in other countries, (iv) religious and socio-cultural factors, and (v) reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors.

Overall, our findings have highlighted that patient’s perceive low quality of Indonesian health care and treatment, resulting in Indonesia becoming the major supplier of patients to neighbouring countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore, and Thailand [ 23 , 24 , 25 ]. This scoping review shows that patients seeking medical treatment outside of Indonesia do so due to a number of reported issues, including the unavailability of medical equipment, inadequate qualified doctors, and inadequate trained staff in healthcare facilities in remote and border areas of Indonesia. These factors have been identified as heavily influencing patients’ preferences to seek medical treatment overseas. This scoping review supports previous findings which have reported that Indonesia has a comparably low ratio of qualified doctors to patients, and most prefer to work in private hospitals in urban areas within Indonesia [ 65 , 66 , 67 ], resulting in understaffing and the maldistribution of skilled staff within periphery areas [ 68 , 69 ]. It is suggested that with a population of about 270 million, Indonesia needs 270,000 doctors [ 70 ]. Currently, Indonesia has only 110,000 doctors with the ratio of doctors to patients being 0.6:1000, which is very low compared to other countries, such as Malaysia with the ratio of 2.2:1000 [ 70 ].

Across studies, patients reported feeling frustrated, neglected and that they were not being provided with person-centred care within Indonesian health settings. Further, evidence suggests patients felt undervalued in Indonesian health systems and that their care was not prioritised. This was identified as stemming from factors including sparseness of health facilities, a shortage of qualified doctors, and trained staffs [ 69 , 71 ]. There is also evidence that patients sought more timely health care and treatment overseas as a consequence of long waiting time periods for medical treatment within Indonesia [ 72 ].

Reflecting upon geographical proximity, it is understandable that inequality of health facilities and medical staff distribution between Java and border areas or eastern part of Indonesia has contributed to patients’ decision to take international medical travel to the nearest neighbouring countries. Some regions in Malaysia such as Penang, Melaka, and Kuching are the most popular destinations for Indonesian patients. For example, Kuching can be accessed by air taking about 45 min and by land taking about 10–12 h, allowing lower-middle class patients from West Kalimantan to easily have access to medical services [ 35 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 54 ]. Having treatment in Malaysia is also supported by inexpensive transport costs compared to travel to Jakarta by plane which is 3–5 times more expensive. Reliable transport was also a contributing factor for patients seeking medical treatment overseas due to the convenience it afforded them [ 35 , 38 , 44 ]. Similarly, the reliability of services from health agencies overseas in connecting patients with foreign healthcare providers played a significant role in supporting Indonesian patients’ medical tourism and were reported to have accelerated medical tourism growth in countries, such as Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand [ 73 , 74 ]. Health agencies were acknowledged to have added values to services, such as arranging pre- and post-treatment, travel arrangements, and scheduling tours in destination countries which increased the appeal of international medical tourism [ 73 , 74 ]. Our findings indicate that Indonesian patients participate in international medical tourism due to having limited access to adequate quality healthcare within the borders of Indonesia. Improvements in the access, coverage, and quality of healthcare throughout Indonesia, (specifically in less urban areas) may reduce the occurrence of international medical tourism and improve patient perception of local health services.

High cost of medical treatment in hospitals in Indonesia was another common theme discussed in the majority of studies [ 20 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 60 , 49 ]. Medical treatment in Jakarta, for example, was considered more expensive than in Malaysia which is well known as the most preferred international medical travel destination due to its excellent service and cost affordability [ 15 ]. Our findings suggest that healthcare facilities with modern technologies are also available in some hospitals in big cities in Indonesia, such as Jakarta, East Java, West Java, and Central Java, however some studies reported issues in the quality of medical services and treatment being offered [ 44 , 45 ]. This seemed to have resulted in an increased tendency for Indonesian patients to travel internationally to seek medical treatment and a second opinion from doctors. Moreover, different diagnostic results and faster recovery time received overseas undoubtedly have increased suspicion and distrust in medical treatment and doctors within Indonesia. Studies reported this was due to inaccurate diagnoses, ineffective medicines, incomprehensive assessment, and patients receiving inconsistent explanations regarding diseases [ 75 , 76 ]. Such negative experiences have shown to have implications on both interpersonal trust in doctors who provide treatment to patients and institutional trust, particularly with the education system that trained the doctors [ 77 , 78 ]. This in turn created negative perceptions towards the country’s health system.

Findings of this review have suggested similarities in religion (Islam) and culture (Malay and Chinese) were also factors that strengthened Indonesian patients’ preferences for medical treatment in other countries, such as Malaysia and Singapore [ 36 , 47 ]. In addition, the growing level of dissatisfaction towards healthcare services in public or government owned hospitals has also become the underlying reason for many Indonesian people from upper class or secure economic backgrounds seeking medical treatment overseas. Our findings strengthen previous reports suggesting a lower satisfaction of patients towards healthcare service and treatment in public hospitals compared to private hospitals in Indonesia [ 79 , 80 ]. The findings imply the need for the improvement of healthcare systems, medical treatments, and service delivery within the Indonesian public hospital sector.

Implication for future intervention

This study emphasises the importance of prioritising the improvement of domestic health systems within Indonesia, particularly within periphery areas. This includes ensuring the equitable distribution of quality healthcare facilities, medical equipment, technology, and the fostering of a strong national healthcare workforce. Increasing the number of medical specialists within Indonesia and improving standards of care nationwide (and not just in urban areas) may promote engagement with Indonesian medical services over international ones. It is anticipated that such improvements would result in increased local service utilisation and reduced medical tourism as patients regain trust in the healthcare system within Indonesia. These findings could also be used to inform Indonesian healthcare workers on patients’ perceptions and concern with care.

Implication for future study

This review suggests that there have been very limited studies involving Indonesian health workers or doctors in peripheral areas. Also, there have been very limited studies involving patients from Jakarta and other regions in Java that have contributed more than 50% of Indonesian patients taking medical tourism. None of the included studies involved policy makers from the Indonesian government and private sectors to explore their perspectives on the increased medical tourism among Indonesians. As there have been millions of Indonesian people travelling overseas for medical treatments, there is a need for further studies exploring the continuity and management of care for the patients returning home to Indonesia. Future studies that address all these aspects are recommended as the results can be used to inform and improve health policy and system and healthcare practice and delivery in Indonesia.

Strength and limitation of the study

Although there are many studies on international medical travel among Indonesian patients, to our knowledge, this is the first scoping review on international medical travel taken by Indonesians. The use of several databases for data search helped researchers identify a broad range of themes on this topic involving Indonesian patients. However, as this review only included articles published in English and Indonesia, we may have missed studies on this topic reported in other languages.

The review presents a range of supporting factors for Indonesian patients taking international medical travel, including the availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care in other countries; region adjacency, transport, and health agency; affordability of medical treatment; religious and socio-cultural factors; and reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors. The findings indicate improvements in the Indonesian health system are necessary if the increasing rates of international medical tourism taken by Indonesian people is to change. Addressing the factors identified in this scoping review through avenues including policy may increase people’s satisfaction and trust towards health care and treatment in Indonesia, thereby reduce the number of Indonesian people taking medical tourism. The findings also indicate the need for establishment of international standard hospitals.

Data availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Gregorius Abanit Asa, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Caitlan McLean & Paul Russell Ward

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Asa, G.A., Fauk, N.K., McLean, C. et al. Medical tourism among Indonesians: a scoping review. BMC Health Serv Res 24 , 49 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-023-10528-1

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Kemenkes Hebat, Indonesia Sehat

Menkes optimis terlaksananya health tourism di indonesia.

Demikian disampaikan Menteri kesehatan Nafsiah Mboi, dalam acara Konferensi Internasioal Health Tourism (29/11), turu menjadi nara sumber pada konferensi tersebut Menteri Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif, Marie Elka Pangestu.

Melalui wisata kesehatan (Health Tourism) dapat menekan devisa yang keluar, karena banyaknya orang Indonesia yang pergi keluar negeri untuk melakukan wisata kesehatan, dengan estimasi antara 500 juta US dolar sampai 1,4 Miliar US dolar.

“Kami sangat optimistis untuk memulai program ini, kita akan langsung membuat kelompok kerja (pokja), langsung menetapkan prioritas berdasarkan pemetaan yang sudah dilakukan dan mulai mengembangkan secara bertahap”, kata Menkes

Sementara itu Menparekraf menyatakan bahwa Indonesia sangat berpotensi dalam wisata kesehatan, hal ini mengingat lokasi dan keunggulan yang dimiliki Indonesia mampu menjadikan daya tarik dari segi wisata dan dikombinasikan dengan wisata kesehatan.

“Wisata kesehatan masuk kedalam undang-undang pariwisata 2009, jadi kami sudah membidik bahwa wisata ini merupakan wisata yang penting”  tutur Menparekraf.

Kemenkes bersama dengan Kemenparekraf, perwakilan rumah sakit, Spa dan asosiasi kesehatan membentuk tim kerja dengan nama Indonesia Wellness and Healthcare Tourism (IWHT). Tim kerja ini selanjutnya menyusun rencana kerja bersama yaitu, Meningkatkan kolaborasi dengan biro perjalanan wisata dalam rangka promosi wisata kesehatan; Menetapkan kolaborasi RS yang bersinergi dengan Wellness Spa di 4 destinasi wisata yaitu Bali, Jakarta, Manado, dan  Makasar; Brand campaign selama 1 tahun bekerjasama dengan mdia massa baik cetak, elektronik, audio visual maupun online , dan media sosial; Bekerja sama dengan seluruh kedutaan besar Indonesia di dunia dan Berkolaborasi dengan sport tourism untuk mengenalkan IWHT.

“Output yang kami harapkan dari pertemuan ini adalah terbentuknya jaringan yang dapat meningkatkan pelayanan dan pengembangan pariwisata health tourism di Indonesia” tutur dr. Untung Suseno Sutarjo, M.kes selaku ketua kelompok kerja dalam program Health Tourism .

Berita ini disiarkan oleh Pusat Komunikasi Publik Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi melalui nomor telepon: (021)52907416-9, faksimili: (021)52921669, Pusat Tanggap Respon Cepat (PTRC): <kode lokal> 500-567 dan 081281562620 (sms), atau e-mail [email protected]

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• Tentang Kami

Penentu Daya Tarik Kunjungan Kesehatan Berdasarkan Medical Tourism

• September 17, 2021

Industri medical tourism saat ini merupakan salah satu industri dengan pertumbuhan tercepat di dunia yang dihadapkan pada masalah, hambatan, perselisihan, dan ancaman baru (Sedianingsih et al., 2019). Wang (2012) Dengan berkembangnya industri penerbangan internasional yang dulunya memiliki ciri kedaerahan yang jelas kini berkembang menjadi service mode keikutsertaan dengan tradisi mengenai medical tourism, berbagai definisi telah dikemukakan. Hunter-Jones (2005) mendefinisikan pariwisata medis sebagai cara untuk pemulihan, bukan perjalanan untuk pengobatan langsung. Selain itu, Hall (2011) menyarankan bahwa, sampai akhir-akhir ini, pariwisata medis termasuk dalam konteks keseluruhan pariwisata kesehatan. Oleh karena itu, filosofi dengan konsep “ medical tourism ” dikembangkan, bahkan di negara-negara Asia konsep tersebut sudah banyak dikembangkan. China menjadi tujuan transplantasi organ, operasi plastik populer di Korea Selatan, dan Thailand populer sebagai tempat untuk memperbaiki gigi dan mengencangkan kulit wajah. Saat ini, sedikitnya lebih dari 600 ribu pasien Indonesia berobat ke luar negeri dengan biaya minimal 20 triliun rupiah per tahun. Jumlah yang cukup fantastis di tengah kesulitan ekonomi saat ini (Zuardin, 2015). Menurut Nagar (2011) Sebagai contoh, banyak rumah sakit di Thailand dan Malaysia memiliki musholla khusus dan makanan halal untuk pasien Muslim mereka. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah kota Surabaya perlu mengembangkan wisata medis.

Surabaya dengan banyak potensi yang memiliki sejumlah rumah sakit terbesar di Indonesia, yang memiliki 62 rumah sakit tipe D, 60 puskesmas, lima laboratorium besar dan lima klinik kesehatan (hasil wawancara dengan manajemen Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Jawa Timur, Desember 2015) mengemukakan bahwa layak menjadikan wilayah Surabaya memiliki daya tarik kunjungan kesehatan atau dikenal medical tourism selain Surabaya dikenal dengan wisata bisnis dan hiburan serta wisata edukasi. Smith (2016) faktor-faktor berikut tidak dapat dipisahkan dari pariwisata medis antara lain sektor pariwisata, kesehatan dan sarana medis penting untuk mempertimbangkan layanan inovatif. Johnston (2015) mengarahkan hasil penelitian pada opini calon wisatawan medis. Diperoleh informasi bahwa calon wisatawan medis akan berpartisipasi dalam wisata medis; mereka akan menyesuaikan jarak perjalanan (Buzinde & Yarnal, 2012). Namun berbeda dalam wacana kesehatan masyarakat dan medis. Sebagai turis medis, orang yang bepergian melintasi perbatasan untuk perawatan medis memiliki tingkat kekuatan yang tinggi dan kebebasan yang relatif tinggi untuk memilih perawatan medis. Diharapkan ke depan rumah sakit di Surabaya mampu menawarkan paket pelayanan kesehatan dan menghadirkan pelayanan yang unggul. Begitu juga dengan banyaknya warga Surabaya yang lebih memilih berobat ke luar negeri akan kembali berobat ke rumah sakit di Surabaya lagi. Oleh karena itu, menjadi sangat penting untuk dilakukan penelitian dengan judul “Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Daya Tarik Wisata di Kota Surabaya Berbasis Medical Tourism”.

Daya Saing Destinasi Pariwisata

Dalam organisasi penyedia layanan, kualitas layanan terbukti sebagai penentu penting daya saing (Sultana, et al., 2014). Menurut penelitian Ryan (1995) Kepuasan bisa menjadi salah satu variabel yang paling banyak diteliti dalam literatur pariwisata. Kepuasan dapat dikatakan sebagai evaluasi atau kunjungan pasca pembelian. Dalam penelitian pariwisata Hunt (1983) mengemukakan bahwa kepuasan bukan hanya tentang kesenangan pengalaman perjalanan tetapi juga evaluasi. Jadi, kepuasan akan datang ketika konsumen membandingkan harapan awal mereka dengan persepsi mereka. Setelah pengalaman yang dirasakan lebih besar dari harapan konsumen puas (Yüksel dan Yüksel, 2001).

Wisata Medis

Wisata medis adalah salah satu indikator terpenting dari industri pariwisata dengan manfaat ekonomi dan sosial yang signifikan, yang dikenal sebagai perjalanan internasional di mana seseorang menggunakan perawatan yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan perawatan yang sama di negara asalnya (Edelheit 2008: 9-10 di Konstantin, 2015). Wisata medis membutuhkan dukungan infrastruktur, salah satunya adalah rumah sakit. American Hospital Association (1996; Tarin, 2009: 19) memberikan definisi rumah sakit sebagai suatu organisasi melalui tenaga profesional terlatih yang terorganisasi dan sarana kedokteran yang secara tetap menyelenggarakan pelayanan medis, asuhan keperawatan yang berkesinambungan, diagnosis dan pengobatan penyakit yang diderita pasien (Ratnasari dan Masmira, 2016). Wisata kesehatan terdiri dari dua aspek, Spa (spa, yoga, aromaterapi, pengobatan herbal, dan pengobatan Ayurveda) dan rehabilitasi (seperti pengobatan atau terapi hemodialisis).

Layanan Berkualitas

Kualitas ditentukan sebagai isu penting untuk keberhasilan kompetitif. Kualitas pelayanan tercatat sebagai prasyarat utama untuk membangun dan memelihara hubungan yang memuaskan dengan konsumen (Lassar et al., 2000). Sejumlah penelitian terbaru menunjukkan bahwa dengan meningkatkan kualitas layanan, perusahaan mampu memuaskan pelanggan mereka dan mempertahankan loyalitas mereka (Lee dan Murphy: 2008). Kualitas pelayanan berupa hasil evaluasi kognitif jangka panjang yang dihasilkan oleh konsumen dengan pelayanan yang disampaikan pemasar (Lovelock dan Wright, 2007: 96). Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya konsep kualitas pelayanan dalam konteks kesehatan. Sebagai hasilnya, kami berharap bahwa hasilnya akan digunakan untuk memandu pengembangan kebijakan perjalanan kesehatan yang kompetitif (Chang et al., 2013).

Kualitas Layanan yang Sangat Baik

Ratnasari dan Aksa (2011: 129-131) menyatakan bahwa salah satu pendekatan kualitas pelayanan prima yang populer digunakan sebagai acuan dalam riset pemasaran adalah model SERVQUAL (Kualitas Layanan) yang dikembangkan oleh Parasuraman, Zeithaml, dan Berry (1996). SERVQUAL dibangun di atas perbandingan dua faktor utama, yaitu persepsi pelanggan nyata atas layanan yang mereka terima ( Perceived Service ) dengan layanan aktual yang diharapkan/diinginkan ( Expected Service ). Jika kenyataannya lebih dari yang diharapkan, maka pelayanan tersebut dapat dikatakan berkualitas, sedangkan jika kenyataannya kurang dari yang diharapkan, maka layanan tersebut dikatakan tidak berkualitas. Dan kalau faktanya sama di harapkan pelayanannya memuaskan. Dengan demikian, kualitas pelayanan dapat didefinisikan sebagai sejauh mana perbedaan antara kenyataan dan harapan pelanggan atas pelayanan yang mereka terima/peroleh.

Metode dan Hasil

Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif eksploratif. Dalam pendekatan kuantitatif ini digunakan metode analisis faktor (analyzer), metode ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi jumlah indikator penelitian yang masih menggunakan informasi yang diperoleh sebanyak-banyaknya. Metode pengukuran penelitian akan lebih mudah dipahami melalui metode kuantitatif dengan menggunakan kuesioner sebagai alat untuk mengetahui persepsi responden, bahwa ada dua kelompok, kelompok pertama adalah pemberi pelayanan (pengelola lembaga Dinas Kesehatan, pengelola dan pegawai Rumah Sakit, Puskesmas, dan Klinik Kesehatan di Surabaya, kota terbesar kedua di Indonesia) dan yang kedua adalah pengguna jasa (RS konsumen dan Puskesmas dan Klinik Kesehatan). Metode ini dilakukan dalam tiga tahap, tahap pertama, untuk menentukan indikator faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan daya tarik kunjungan ke Surabaya sebagai wisata medis berbasis kota yang diperoleh dari proses penggalian data melalui wawancara mendalam ke kedua belah pihak. informan dalam uji pendahuluan. Tahap kedua, dilakukan pre survey terhadap 40 responden untuk menguji materi kuesioner apakah sudah dipahami, tahap ketiga dilanjutkan dengan struktur close-ended question kepada 400 responden.

Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada enam faktor yang mempengaruhi daya tarik kunjungan kesehatan ke Surabaya sebagai kota berbasis wisata medis. Keenam faktor tersebut adalah faktor kredibilitas tim medis, kualitas pelayanan kepada pasien, teknologi peralatan medis, manajemen rumah sakit, perbandingan harga dengan manfaat, dan komunikasi kepada pasien dan keluarga. Kredibilitas tim medis merupakan faktor tertinggi dalam mempengaruhi daya tarik kunjungan kesehatan ke Surabaya sebagai kota berbasis wisata medis, namun komunikasi kepada pasien dan keluarga merupakan faktor terendah dalam mempengaruhi daya tarik kunjungan kesehatan ke Surabaya sebagai kota berbasis wisata medis. Dengan demikian, tim medis perlu melakukan perbaikan dalam hal mengembangkan pola hubungan komunikasi yang baik dengan pasien dan keluarganya, mengembangkan sikap etis dan empati yang lebih baik, serta mengutamakan keselamatan pasien agar masyarakat puas. Pemerintah juga perlu melibatkan industri terkait, seperti industri kesehatan, industri asuransi, industri farmasi dan regulator yang harus terintegrasi dengan program pengembangan pariwisata lokal/nasional.

Penulis: Dr. Ririn Tri Ratnasari, SE., M.Si.

Informasi detail dari riset ini dapat dilihat pada tulisan kami di: https://www.ijicc.net/images/vol_13/Iss_10/131017_Prasetyo_2020_E_R.pdf

Prasetyo, Ari, Sedianingsih and Ririn Tri Ratnasari. (2021). Determinants of Health Visit Appeal Based on Medical Tourism. Review of International Geographical Education (RIGEO), 11(4), 477-486. https://doi.org/10.48047/rigeo.11.04.43

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Health Tourism, Penggerak Perekonomian Kawasan Asia Pasifik

Wisata Kesehatan adalah kegiatan perjalanan wisata untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan. Kegiatan ini adalah juga salah satu penggerak perekonomian yang penting di kawasan Asia Pasifik.

Estimasi hasil studi oleh Klynfeld Pear Marwick Goerdeller Internasional menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengeluaran masyarakat untuk wisata kesehatan sebesar 20%-30%, dari 78,5 miliar US dolar pada tahun 2010 menjadi 100 miliar US dolar pada tahun 2012. Peningkatan ini terkait dengan besarnya uang yang dibelanjakan wisatawan yang berdampak pada peningkatan pemasaran berbagai produk dan jasa serta peningkatan lapangan kerja di negara tujuan wisata.

Meski demikian masalah kesehatan dapat berdampak negatif pada pariwisata. Pandemi SARS tahun 2002-2003 dan Pandemi Influenza H1N1 tahun 2009 telah menghambat perdagangan dan pariwisata di berbagai negara terjangkit yang menyebabkan kerugian jutaan dolar. Oleh karena itu keberhasilan pembangunan kesehatan sangat menentukan pembangunan kepariwisataan.

Indonesia merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata dunia yang banyak diminati. Indonesia juga mempunyai keanekaragaman tradisi dan budaya termasuk obat dan pelayanan kesehatan tradisional. Salah satu upaya pelayanan kesehatan tradisional adalah wellness yang berpotensi untuk pengembangan wisata kesehatan.

Menurut Menkes, kebijakan wisata kesehatan di Indonesia mencakup dua aspek, yaitu aspek medical tourism dan aspek wellness tourism. Medical Tourism adalah perjalanan wisata untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan. Sedangkan Wellness Tourism adalah perjalanan wisata untuk mendapatkan pelayanan kesehatan tradisional yang menggunakan pendekatan holistik untuk pemeliharaan kesehatan dan bersifat promotif – preventif. Salah satu bentuk wellness adalah perawatan Spa (sehat pakai air).

Menkes menjelaskan, ada dua metode perawatan Spa yang dikenal di Indonesia yaitu metode Spa Jawa dan metode Spa Bali. Kedua metode ini banyak dipakai di negara-negara Asia (Malaysia, Singapura, Jepang), Eropa (Turki, Rusia, Jerman, Belgia, Bulgaria, Ceko) dan Amerika (Amerika Serikat dan Kanada). Salah satu majalah kecantikan dan kesehatan Jerman menganugrahkan The Best Destination in The World kepada Bali Spa pada tahun 2009. Sayangnya, kesuksesan ini belum didukung oleh basis ilmiah kesehatan di dalam negeri sehingga sulit untuk berkompetisi secara global.

Menngenai Spa, Menkes menjelaskan bahwa perawatan Spa dilakukan oleh Spa Therapist. Pada tahun 2012 sebanyak 4.500 orang Spa Therapist telah mendapatkan sertifikasi dari Kemendikbud. Dewasa ini banyak Spa Therapist dari Indonesia yang bekerja di negara-negara Asia, Eropa dan Amerika.

Jumlah layanan Spa di Indonesia sangat banyak dan tersebar di kota-kota besar. Pemerintah Indonesia telah melakukan langkah standarisasi layanan Spa untuk menjamin agar pelayanan yang diberikan sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di bidang kesehatan.

Sebagai komitmen terhadap wisata kesehatan, Kemenkes bersama Kemenparekraf, perwakilan RS, Spa dan asosiasi kesehatan membentuk tim kerja dengan nama Indonesia Wellness and Healthcare Tourism (IWHT), yang akan ditindaklanjuti dengan penyusunan rencana kerja bersama. Sejumlah rencana kerja tersebut diantaranya adalah Meningkatkan kualitas RS terutama kompetensi pengobatan yang spesifik, tenaga kerja, kolaborasi dengan asuransi, penyusunan dan implementasi Permenkes terkait pemanfaatan dokter asing untuk beroperasi di Indonesia dan khusus melayani pasien asing;  Meningkatkan kolaborasi dengan biro perjalanan wisata dalam rangka promosi wisata kesehatan Indonesia; Menetapkan kolaborasi RS yang bersinergi dengan Wellness Spa di 4 destinasi wisata yaitu Bali, Jakarta, Manado, Makasar; Menambah kolaborasi RS yang memiliki layanan wellness spa di Jabar, Jateng, Jatim, Sumatra; serta Berkolaborasi dengan sport tourism untuk memperkenalkan IWHT.

Menurut Menkes, dalam upaya meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan dan mengembangkan medical tourism, Indonesia telah mempunyai 5 RS swasta yang telah terakreditasi Internasional (RS Primier Bintaro, RS Premier Jatinegara, RS Eka Hospital BSD, RS Siloam Tangerang Selatan dan RS Sentosa Bandung) dan 2 RS pemerintah (RSUP Ciptomangunkusumo Jakarta dan RSUP Sanglah Bali) yang sedang dalam proses mendapatkan akreditasi Internasional.

Indonesia juga memiliki RS rujukan khusus yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh wisatawan kesehatan dalam negeri dan luar negeri seperti RS Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Jakarta, RS Kanker Dharmais, RS Pusat Stroke di Bukit Tinggi, dan RS Khusus Jiwa yang ada di setiap Provinsi. Sekarang sedang dikembangkan RS Khusus Otak di Jakarta.

Pada konferensi yang dihadiri Wamenkes, Pejabat Eselon-1 dari lingkungan Kemenkes dan Kemenparekraf, perwakilan ASEAN Foundation, WHO Indonesia, wakil Organisasi Profesi Kesehatan dan Asosiasi Pariwisata, serta perwakilan negara sahabat yaitu Thailand, Malaysia, India ini, Menkes mendorong para operator pariwisata untuk mempromosikan kunjungan layanan Spa dalam agenda wisatawan kesehatan di Indonesia. Para operator pariwisata dan pengelola pelayanan kesehatan juga didorong untuk memanfaatkan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan yang ada di Indonesia apabila wisatawan yang dilayaninya memerlukan pelayanan kesehatan.

Konferensi ini merupakan forum bagi para pemangku kepentingan di bidang kesehatan dan pariwisata, baik nasional maupun internasional untuk berbagi pengalaman dan bertukar pikiran. Menkes berharap hasil konferensi ini akan bermanfaat bagi peningkatan derajat kesehatan masyarakat yang setinggi-tingginya di Negara-negara ASEAN dan India.

Berita ini disiarkan oleh Pusat Komunikasi Publik, Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut dapat menghubungi melalui nomor telepon: (021) 52907416-9, faksimili: (021) 52921669, Pusat Tanggap Respon Cepat (PTRC): <kode lokal> 500-567 dan 081281562620 (sms), atau e-mail [email protected]

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Malang Diplot Jadi Kawasan Health Tourism, Layanan Kesehatan Prima Harus Ditingkatkan

Kompas.com travel travel update, nugraha perdana,, anggara wikan prasetya.

Tim Redaksi

Nugraha Perdana

Penulis anggara wikan prasetya.

Sebelumnya, destinasi wisata kesehatan di Indonesia telah ada di tiga daerah, yakni Medan, Sumatera Utara bernama Medan Medical Tourism Board; Bali bernama Bali Medical Tourism Association; dan Sulawesi Utara bernama North Sulawesi Health Tourism.

Sandiaga berharap, pihak-pihak yang tergabung dalam Malang Health Tourism dapat fokus untuk menarik pasar dari masyarakat Indonesia terlebih dahulu.

"Setelah itu sukses dikembangkan, kemudian bisa berbalik, menarik orang-orang luar negeri bisa mendapat layanan kesehatan di Indonesia," katanya.

Sandiaga mengatakan, layanan wisata kesehatan dinilai mampu memberi sumbangan peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi suatu daerah.

Namun, untuk menyukseskan hal itu baik pelaku industri kesehatan dan pariwisata harus melakukan penguatan kolaborasi, termasuk dengan pemerintah daerah.

Baca juga: Lokomotif Lori di Kayutangan Malang Ditempatkan untuk Jadi Ikon Baru

"Sehingga tercipta terbuka peluang usaha, terciptanya lapangan kerja. Ini bagian dari terciptanya 4,4 juta lapangan kerja pada tahun 2024. Tetapi industri kesehatan dan pariwisata tidak bisa instan, harus totalitas menyiapkan segala aspek," katanya.

Harus tingkatkan layanan kesehatan

Sandiaga juga mengingatkan pentingnya penguatan kolaborasi pihak-pihak yang tergabung dalam Malang Health Tourism. Utamanya para pelaku industri kesehatan untuk meningkatkan layanan yang diberikan.

"Pasien jika datang ke fasilitas kesehatan, harus merasa terlayani, harus merasa diorangkan. Yang diubah itu mindset- nya, bagaimana memberi layanan terbaik dan prima, dengan dukungan pemerintah pusat sampai provinsi, kabupaten, kota, hingga pelaku usaha," ujar dia.

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Sandiaga yakin Malang Health Tourism mampu berjalan dengan baik dalam waktu lima tahun ke depan.

Sebab, selama ini pangsa pasar yang mendapat layanan kesehatan seperti di Malaysia dan Singapura, merupakan orang-orang dari Indonesia.

Upaya mewujudkan Malang Health Tourism

Ketua Umum Malang Health Tourism, Ardantya Syahreza mengatakan, pihaknya telah berkomunikasi dengan berbagai pihak untuk mewujudkan program kegiatan Malang Health Tourism.

Saat ini sudah ada enam rumah sakit (RS) di Kota Malang tengah diajak berkolaborasi, yakni RS Persada Hospital, RSU Muhammadiyah Malang, RS Lavalatte, RS Hermina, RS Panti Nirmala dan RS Panti Waluya. Masing-masing RS memiliki layanan unggulan.

"RS Persada Hospital memiliki layanan unggulan penanganan jantung dengan mendiagnosis irama jantung, bedah jantung terbuka sudah ada juga. RS Lavalatte ada layanan onkologi jadi radioterapi untuk menyinari penderita kanker, begitu juga dengan RS lainnya," katanya.

Selain itu, pihak lainnya yang akan diajak berkolaborasi yakni ada klinik kecantikan, klinik kesehatan lainnya dan hotel-hotel. Pihaknya juga akan mengajukan SK Wali Kota untuk mendukung program kegiatan Malang Health Tourism.

Selain layanan medis, Malang Health Tourism menyasar program kegiatan wisata kebugaran dan wisata olahraga (sport tourism).

"Wisata kebugaran, jadi masyarakat datang ke suatu tempat melakukan staycation, seperti yoga, atau pilates, atau melakukan sesuatu yang menyenangkan seperti spa di suatu tempat dan kembali lebih fresh ," katanya.

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Untuk wisata olahraga atau sport tourism , ia mencontohkan saat wisatawan masyarakat datang ke suatu tempat hanya untuk ikut kegiatan olahraga, seperti event lari, bersepeda, naik gunung

Pihaknya juga berharap adanya dukungan dari pemerintah pusat. Selain promosi, dia berharap pemerintah mengaudit permasalahan harga penjualan alat-alat medis di Indonesia.

"Saya juga ingin pemerintah ikut mengaudit kenapa harga alat-alat medis di Indonesia lebih tinggi daripada di luar negeri, misal di India, atau tempat lain, supaya harga kita kompetitif," katanya.

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Medical Tourism, Era Baru Pelayanan Kesehatan Dunia

Medical tourism adalah perjalanan seseorang ke luar negeri untuk tujuan mendapatan perawatan kesehatan baik general check up , treatment , maupun rehabilitasi. Dalam industri kesehatan, pasien akan lebih cenderung mencari pelayanaan yang aman, nyaman dan berkualitas. Pencarian pelayanan kesehatan lintas negara sudah menjadi trend saat ini. Pasien dari negara berkembang mencari pelayanan medis ke negara maju biasanya untuk mendapatkan kualiatas pelayanan yang lebih berteknologi tinggi. Sedangakan pasien yang datang dari negara maju menuju ke negera berkembang biasanya mencari pelayanan yang lebih ekonomis (1).

Ketika memilih rumah sakit tujuan untuk mendapatkan sebuah prosedur tindakan, konsumen pasti akan mempertimbangkan resiko yang didapat. Dalam tabel diatas dijelaskan bahwa rumah sakit yang membuka pelayanan medical tourism memilki angka mortalitas yang lebih rendah dibandingkan rumah sakit lainnya.

Akreditasi rumah sakit  merupakan standar yang dilihat oleh pengguna medical tourism. Terdapat sekitar 150 rumah sakit yang sudah mendapatkan akreditasi internasional dari  ISO ( International Standards Organization)  and JCI ( Joint Commission International )

2. Physician Credentials .

Medical staff yang bekerja harus memiliki sertifikat internasional. Biasanya licenses didapat dari Australia, Eropa and Jepang. 3. Hospital Affiliation . Rumah sakit harus memilki kerja sama internasional yang luas. Seperti bekerja sama dengan universitas unggulan diberbagai belahan dunia, serta bekerja sama dengan rumah sakit yang sudah mendapatkan nama dalam pelayanan medical tourism . 4. Keunggulan Produk Rumah sakit harus memilki kulitas paling baik dalam produk yang ditawarkan. Bila rumah sakit menawarkan pelayanan berteknologi maka RS harus memilki diagnostic equipment termutakhir, bila rumah sakit menawarkan prosedur non bedah seperti yoga, meditasi, akupuntur maka rumah sakit harus harus benar benar menjamin kualitas yang ditawarkan 5. Electronic Medical Records Teknologi informasi adalah gerbang dalam komunikasi antar profersional, staf medis dan pasien.  Terkait dengan teknologi informasi, dapat dimanfaatkan LIS ( Laboratorium information system ), CPOE ( Computerized Physician Order Entry) , dan sebagainya. 6. Paket Travel Rumah sakit sudah menyadiakan staff yang melayani travel, penjemputan airport , penginapan, dan wisata lain yang ditawarkan. 7.      Online Communities Tujuannya yaitu agar terdapat interaksi sesama pengguna jasa medis yang disediakan rumah sakit. (EV)     Referensi :

• Devon M. Herrick. National Center for Policy Analysis, Global Competition in Health Care Web site: www.ncpa.org/pub/st/st304

http://www.rncos.com/trends/WEVHHOOS9Q1328231078.pdf

• Smith, R. Alvarez, M.M. & Chandra, R. 2011. “Medical tourism: a review of the literature and analysis of a role for bi-lateral trade”, Health Policy, 103(2011), pp. 276-282.

http://xa.yimg.com/kq/groups/18751725/114222297/name/Indonesia+Pharmaceuticals+an

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/04/05/poor-healthcare-indonesia-boosts-medical-tourism.html

• Afrizal Firman Yaw-Yih Wang,  Strategic Planning to Develop Medical Travel Industry in Indonesia

Dianjurkan membaca: Afrizal Firman Yaw-Yih Wang, Strategic Planning to Develop Medical Travel Industry in Indonesia. Devon M. Herrick. National Center for Policy Analysis, Global Competition in Health Care Web site: www.ncpa.org/pub/st/st304

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Klinik Vaskular RS Universitas Airlangga Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Kec. Mulyorejo, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur, Indonesia

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The Westin Surabaya

Pakuwon Mall, Jalan Puncak Indah Lontar No 2, Wiyung, 60216 Surabaya, Indonesia

The Alana Surabaya

Jl. Ketintang Baru I No. 10 - 12, Gayungan, 60231 Surabaya, Indonesia

Bumi Surabaya City Resort

Jl. Jend. Basuki Rakhmat, 106-128, Genteng, 60271 Surabaya, Indonesia

Shangri-La Hotel Surabaya

Jl. Mayjen Sungkono No.120, Pakis, Kec. Sawahan, Kota SBY, Jawa Timur

Ascott Waterplace Surabaya

Tower D1, Jalan Pakuwon Indah Lontar Timur Kav. 3-5, Wiyung, 60126 Surabaya, Indonesia

Wyndham Surabaya

Jl. Basuki Rahmat No. 67-73, Genteng, 60237 Surabaya, Indonesia

Hotel Ciputra World Surabaya managed by Swiss-Belhotel International

Jalan Mayor Jendral Sungkono No. 87 - 89, Dukuh Pakis, 60225 Surabaya, Indonesia

Royal Tulip Darmo Surabaya

Jl. Bintoro No. 21, Tegalsari, 60264 Surabaya, Indonesia

Whiz Residence Darmo Harapan Surabaya

Jalan Raya Darmo Harapan No. 1, Tanjungsari, Suko Manunggal, 60187 Pradahkalikendal, Indonesia

Vasa Hotel Surabaya

Jalan Hr.Muhammad No. 31, Sukomanunggal, 60189 Surabaya, Indonesia

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