evolution of tourism during the industrial revolution

The Birth and Evolution of Mass Tourism: How the Industrial Revolution Transformed Travel

In the late 18th century, a profound shift took place in the way people perceived travel. Prior to this time, travel was often reserved for wealthy aristocrats who could afford the expense and the risks associated with traversing long distances. However, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution in the mid-19th century, travel became much more accessible and affordable for the general population. This marked the beginning of mass tourism as we know it today.

The Role of Technology in the Industrial Revolution and Travel

One of the major factors that facilitated the growth of mass tourism was the development of transportation technologies such as steam engines and the railway network. These new innovations allowed people to travel further and faster than ever before. Steamships and trains opened up new destinations and made travel more comfortable and convenient for the masses. Additionally, the increased availability of affordable consumer goods made travel more accessible to a wider range of people.

Another significant impact of technology on the Industrial Revolution was the mechanization of production processes. The introduction of machines such as the spinning jenny and power loom revolutionized the textile industry, increasing production rates and lowering costs. This led to the mass production of textiles, making them more affordable and accessible to the general public. The mechanization of production processes also led to the development of new industries and the creation of new jobs, contributing to the growth of the economy.

The Emergence of the Middle Class and Its Impact on Tourism

The growth of the middle class during the Industrial Revolution played a significant role in the development of mass tourism. With rising incomes and greater leisure time, the middle class was able to pursue travel as a form of social and cultural enrichment. This led to the creation of new types of tourism, such as educational travel and cultural tourism, which focused on exploring new destinations and experiencing different cultures. This also led to the establishment of resorts and leisure destinations, where people could relax and unwind from the stresses of everyday life.

Furthermore, the emergence of the middle class also had a significant impact on the tourism industry in terms of transportation. The development of railways and steamships made travel more accessible and affordable for the middle class, allowing them to explore new destinations both domestically and internationally. This led to the growth of the tourism industry, as more people were able to travel and experience different cultures. Today, the middle class continues to be a driving force in the tourism industry, with many destinations and attractions catering specifically to their interests and preferences.

The Rise of the Railway System and Its Effect on Travel

The railway system was one of the most impactful innovations of the Industrial Revolution, as it made travel much more efficient and accessible. Railways allowed people to travel long distances quickly and cheaply, making travel more accessible to the masses. The railway system also created a new industry of travel, with travel agencies and tour operators catering to the growing demand for travel services.

Furthermore, the railway system also had a significant impact on the economy. It allowed for the transportation of goods and raw materials across long distances, which facilitated the growth of industries and trade. The railway system also created job opportunities for many people, from engineers and conductors to station masters and ticket sellers. The railway system was not only a transportation revolution, but also a catalyst for economic growth and development.

The Influence of Guidebooks on Mass Tourism

Guidebooks played a crucial role in the development of mass tourism, as they provided travelers with valuable information about new destinations and helped them plan their trips more effectively. Early guidebooks included descriptions of cultural and historical landmarks, maps, and information on local customs and traditions. As guidebooks became more widely available, they helped to popularize certain destinations and created new travel trends.

However, the influence of guidebooks on mass tourism has not been entirely positive. Some argue that guidebooks have contributed to overtourism, as they often recommend the same popular attractions and encourage travelers to visit during peak seasons. This can lead to overcrowding, environmental damage, and a loss of authenticity in local cultures. Additionally, guidebooks may perpetuate stereotypes and biases, as they often focus on the experiences of privileged travelers and neglect the perspectives of marginalized communities.

The Development of Resorts and Leisure Destinations

The emergence of leisure destinations marked a turning point in the history of travel, as people began to see vacations as a form of rest and relaxation. Resorts and leisure destinations offered a range of amenities and services, including hotels, restaurants, and entertainment options. Over time, these destinations became synonymous with the concept of mass tourism, and many of them evolved into sprawling complexes that catered to millions of tourists every year.

As the popularity of resorts and leisure destinations grew, so did the demand for new and innovative experiences. This led to the development of themed resorts, such as Disney World and Universal Studios, which offered visitors a chance to immerse themselves in a particular world or story. These resorts often included rides, shows, and attractions that were based on popular movies, TV shows, or books.

Today, resorts and leisure destinations continue to evolve and adapt to changing trends and preferences. Many now offer eco-friendly options, such as sustainable accommodations and activities that promote conservation and environmental awareness. Others have embraced technology, offering guests the latest in digital experiences, such as virtual reality attractions and mobile apps that allow visitors to customize their stay. With so many options available, it’s no wonder that resorts and leisure destinations remain a popular choice for travelers around the world.

The Advent of Package Tours and Their Impact on Tourism

In the mid-20th century, package tours emerged as a popular form of mass tourism. These pre-arranged tours were designed to take advantage of economies of scale and offered travelers a hassle-free way to explore new destinations. They were also affordable, as airlines and hotels could offer discounts for large groups of tourists. Package tours proved to be a game-changer in the world of travel, as they allowed people to see more of the world without breaking the bank.

One of the biggest impacts of package tours on tourism was the standardization of travel experiences. With pre-arranged itineraries and set activities, travelers were no longer able to customize their trips to their individual preferences. This led to a homogenization of travel experiences, where tourists were often herded from one tourist attraction to another, without the opportunity to explore off the beaten path.

Another impact of package tours was the strain it put on popular tourist destinations. With large groups of tourists arriving at the same time, destinations became overcrowded and local resources were stretched thin. This led to environmental degradation, as well as cultural and social tensions between tourists and locals.

The Growth of Air Travel and Its Effect on Mass Tourism

The growth of air travel in the latter half of the 20th century revolutionized the world of tourism. Air travel made it possible for people to travel further and faster than ever before, and opened up new destinations across the globe. This made travel more accessible to a wider range of people, and helped to cement the concept of mass tourism as a global phenomenon.

However, the growth of air travel has also had negative impacts on the environment. Air travel is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which contribute to climate change. The increase in air travel has also led to overcrowding in popular tourist destinations, causing strain on local resources and infrastructure.

Despite these challenges, the growth of air travel has also led to the development of new technologies and innovations in the tourism industry. For example, the use of virtual reality and augmented reality has made it possible for people to experience destinations and attractions in a more immersive way, without the need for physical travel. This has the potential to reduce the negative impacts of mass tourism, while still allowing people to explore and experience new places.

The Role of Advertising in Promoting Mass Tourism

Advertising played a crucial role in the growth of mass tourism, as it helped to create demand for new destinations and travel experiences. Travel agencies and tour operators used a range of marketing strategies to promote their offerings, including print ads, billboards, and radio and television commercials. Advertising helped to popularize specific destinations and created new travel trends.

One of the most significant impacts of advertising on mass tourism was the creation of the all-inclusive resort. These resorts, which offer guests a complete package of accommodations, meals, and activities, were made popular through advertising campaigns that emphasized the convenience and affordability of this type of vacation. All-inclusive resorts became a popular choice for families and budget-conscious travelers, and their popularity continues to this day.

The Challenges Faced by Local Communities with Mass Tourism

While mass tourism has brought many benefits, it has also created new challenges for local communities. Over-tourism has become a problem in many destinations, as large numbers of tourists can put strain on local infrastructure and resources. In addition, some destinations have struggled with issues such as environmental degradation and cultural loss as a result of mass tourism. Addressing these challenges will be an ongoing challenge for the travel industry.

One of the major challenges faced by local communities with mass tourism is the impact on the local economy. While tourism can bring in significant revenue, it can also lead to a dependence on the industry and a lack of diversification in the local economy. This can leave communities vulnerable to fluctuations in tourism and economic downturns.

Another challenge is the impact on the quality of life for local residents. Increased traffic, noise pollution, and overcrowding can all have negative effects on the well-being of those living in tourist destinations. It is important for the travel industry to work with local communities to find solutions that balance the benefits of tourism with the needs and concerns of residents.

Sustainable Alternatives to Mass Tourism: Ecotourism and Responsible Travel

In recent years, a growing number of travelers have become interested in more sustainable forms of tourism. Ecotourism and responsible travel are two examples of this trend. These forms of tourism are characterized by a focus on environmentally sustainable practices and a commitment to supporting local communities. They offer a way to enjoy travel while minimizing the negative impact of mass tourism on the environment and local communities.

Ecotourism involves traveling to natural areas with the goal of learning about and conserving the environment. This type of tourism often involves activities such as hiking, bird watching, and wildlife safaris. Ecotourism also emphasizes the importance of supporting local conservation efforts and sustainable development.

Responsible travel, on the other hand, focuses on the social and cultural impact of tourism. This type of tourism involves engaging with local communities and learning about their customs and traditions. Responsible travelers also prioritize supporting local businesses and minimizing their environmental impact by reducing waste and conserving resources.

Conclusion: Reflections on the Future of Mass Tourism in a Post-Industrial World

As we move further into the 21st century, it is clear that mass tourism will continue to be a major force in the world of travel. However, it is also clear that the travel industry will face new challenges in the years to come. Addressing issues such as over-tourism, environmental degradation, and cultural loss will require a concerted effort from all stakeholders in the travel industry. At the same time, new forms of sustainable tourism offer hope for a more responsible and equitable future for travel.

One potential solution to the challenges facing mass tourism is the development of smart tourism. This involves the use of technology to create more efficient and sustainable tourism practices. For example, smart tourism can help to reduce overcrowding at popular tourist destinations by providing real-time information on visitor numbers and suggesting alternative, less crowded sites. It can also help to reduce the environmental impact of tourism by promoting eco-friendly transportation options and encouraging responsible waste management. As we look to the future of mass tourism, it is important to consider the potential benefits of smart tourism in creating a more sustainable and responsible travel industry.

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The Golden Era of Travel: Exploring Tourism in the 19th Century

Welcome to my blog, 19th Century ! In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of tourism during the 19th century . Discover how travel evolved during this era, from the rise of guidebooks to the advent of railway travel, and explore the destinations that captivated the hearts of adventurous globetrotters. Join me on this journey back in time as we unravel the secrets of 19th-century tourism.

Table of Contents

The Rise of Tourism in the 19th Century: Exploring the Golden Age of Travel

The 19th century marked a significant turning point in the history of tourism, as it witnessed the rise of what is often referred to as the Golden Age of Travel. This era saw a remarkable increase in leisure travel, with more people than ever before venturing out to explore the world around them.

One of the primary reasons for this surge in tourism was the Industrial Revolution. With technological advancements and improved transportation systems, travel became more accessible and affordable for a growing middle class . Railways, steamships, and later, automobiles, revolutionized the way people could move from one place to another.

The development of guidebooks and travel literature also played a crucial role in promoting tourism during this time. Authors such as Thomas Cook and Baedeker published detailed travel guides, providing information on sights, accommodations, and even itineraries. These guidebooks not only inspired people to travel but also provided practical assistance for planning their journeys.

Another factor contributing to the rise of tourism in the 19th century was the growing interest in health and wellness. Many tourists sought out destinations known for their rejuvenating qualities, such as spas and resorts. These places offered a break from the pressures of urban life and promised relaxation and restoration.

Additionally, the rise of imperialism and colonialism spurred travel to far-flung corners of the globe. Europeans, in particular, were drawn to exotic destinations, eager to explore and experience different cultures. The British Empire, for example, created a vast network of colonies that attracted travelers seeking adventure and new discoveries.

It is important to note that while tourism boomed during this period, it was primarily enjoyed by the wealthier classes. Working-class individuals often did not have the means or time off to engage in leisure travel.

In conclusion, the 19th century was a pivotal time in the history of tourism, witnessing the advent of the Golden Age of Travel. The combination of improved transportation, the availability of travel literature, interest in health and wellness, and colonial expansion all contributed to the rise of tourism during this era.

Switzerland 🇨🇭 The famous Alpine hotel since the 19th century. Rhone Glacier. #tourism #travel

The dark side of vietnam, did tourism exist in the 1800s.

Yes, tourism did exist in the 19th century. While it may not have been as widespread or accessible as it is today, people during this time period did engage in travel for leisure and exploration. The Industrial Revolution brought about advancements in transportation, such as the development of steamships and railways, which made it easier for individuals to journey to different parts of the world.

During the 19th century, the concept of the “Grand Tour” became popular among the upper-class Europeans. It involved visiting culturally significant cities and sites, typically in Europe, as a way to broaden one’s knowledge and appreciation of art, history, and architecture. Popular destinations included Rome, Paris, Venice, and Athens.

Additionally, the expansion of the British Empire facilitated travel for both business and pleasure. The British established colonies and trading posts around the world, leading to increased opportunities for exploration and tourism. British citizens often traveled to their colonies in places like India, Africa, and the Caribbean for various purposes, including leisurely pursuits.

It is important to note that travel during this time was mostly limited to the affluent class, as it required financial resources and time. However, as the century progressed, the emergence of the middle class and advancements in transportation led to a gradual democratization of travel.

Overall, while tourism in the 19th century may have been different from what we see today, it was indeed a notable phenomenon that laid the foundation for the modern tourism industry.

When did tourism start to become widespread?

Tourism started to become widespread in the 19th century. This was made possible due to various factors such as advancements in transportation, industrialization, and the emergence of the middle class with disposable income and leisure time.

The development of railroads played a crucial role in facilitating travel during this period. The expansion of railway networks allowed people to travel faster, more comfortably, and at cheaper rates than ever before. This significantly increased the accessibility and affordability of travel for a larger segment of the population.

Additionally, the Industrial Revolution led to improved living conditions and increased wealth for many individuals. The growing middle class sought opportunities to escape the crowded cities and explore different parts of their countries or even venture abroad. The rise of guidebooks and travel literature further fueled the interest in tourism by providing information and recommendations on popular destinations.

The development of grand hotels and resorts also contributed to the growth of tourism in the 19th century. These establishments provided luxurious accommodations and amenities for tourists, attracting not only the wealthy but also those aspiring to experience a taste of the high life.

Furthermore, the notion of travel for leisure and relaxation became increasingly popular during this era. People began to view travel as a way to experience different cultures, landscapes, and natural wonders, as well as a means of personal growth and education.

Overall, the confluence of improved transportation, increased wealth and leisure time, the availability of travel resources, and shifting attitudes towards travel all contributed to the widespread emergence of tourism in the 19th century.

What was the beginning of tourism in the United States?

The beginning of tourism in the United States can be traced back to the early 19th century. During this time, a combination of factors contributed to the growth of tourism and the emergence of a leisure travel culture.

One important factor was the development of transportation infrastructure, particularly the expansion of the railroad network. The construction of railroads made it easier for people to travel long distances, opening up new destinations and making travel more accessible to the general public.

Another factor was the increasing prosperity and leisure time among the middle class. With the industrial revolution in full swing, more people had disposable income and free time to pursue recreational activities, including traveling for pleasure.

The advent of mass printing and improved communication networks also played a significant role in the growth of tourism. Travel literature and guidebooks became popular, providing people with information and inspiration on where to go and what to do when they arrived at their destination.

One notable event that marked the beginning of tourism in the United States was the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825. This canal connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean, making it possible for people to journey through the heart of the country. The canal sparked interest in exploring the natural beauty and cultural heritage of America, leading to an increase in domestic tourism.

Additionally, the establishment of national parks and preservation of natural landscapes further fueled tourism. Places like Yosemite, Yellowstone, and Niagara Falls became popular tourist destinations, attracting visitors from around the country and even from abroad.

In summary, the beginning of tourism in the United States in the 19th century was influenced by factors such as improved transportation infrastructure, increased wealth and leisure time among the middle class, and the promotion of natural landscapes and cultural attractions. The opening of the Erie Canal and the establishment of national parks played significant roles in shaping the early tourism industry.

What is the history of tourism?

Tourism as we know it today has its roots in the 19th century. This era witnessed significant advancements in transportation, technology, and social changes that laid the foundation for modern tourism.

The Industrial Revolution , which began in the late 18th century and reached its peak in the 19th century, brought forth rapid industrialization and urbanization. It led to improved transportation infrastructure, such as railways and steamships, making travel more accessible and affordable for a larger population.

The Grand Tour , a traditional cultural journey undertaken by elite European young men in the 17th and 18th centuries, continued into the 19th century but transformed due to societal changes. With increased wealth and leisure time, an emerging middle class sought opportunities to explore and experience different cultures. The Grand Tour became popular among this newly affluent group, offering them a chance to broaden their knowledge and social connections.

The development of guidebooks , written by travelers and explorers, played a crucial role in promoting tourism in the 19th century. These guidebooks contained information on destinations, accommodations, landmarks, and cultural experiences, allowing tourists to plan and navigate their journeys more easily.

The rise of seaside resorts marked another significant aspect of 19th-century tourism. The growing interest in health and leisure activities led to the establishment of coastal resorts, where people would go for relaxation, fresh air, and recreational pursuits. Places like Brighton in England or Atlantic City in the United States became popular destinations, attracting tourists from near and far.

The expansion of colonial empires also influenced tourism during this period. European powers, such as Britain and France, established colonies across the globe, opening up new frontiers for exploration and adventure. Tourists from these colonial powers ventured into their far-flung territories, seeking exotic experiences and encountering diverse cultures.

Art and literature played a significant role in shaping the perception of travel and tourism in the 19th century. Famous artists, such as J.M.W. Turner and Claude Monet, captured picturesque landscapes that inspired wanderlust among viewers. Writers like Mark Twain and Charles Dickens portrayed travel experiences through their literary works, stimulating the imagination of readers and piquing their interest in exploration.

Overall, the 19th century laid the groundwork for modern tourism with advancements in transportation, the widening of social classes, the popularization of the Grand Tour, the creation of guidebooks, the growth of seaside resorts, the expansion of colonial empires, and the influence of art and literature. These developments set the stage for the further growth and evolution of tourism in the following centuries.

Frequently Asked Questions

How did the rise of industrialization in the 19th century impact tourism and travel.

The rise of industrialization in the 19th century had a significant impact on tourism and travel. With the advancements in technology, specifically in transportation and communication, travel became more accessible and efficient. The construction of railways and the invention of steamships made it easier for people to travel longer distances in shorter periods of time.

As a result, tourism began to flourish as more people could afford to travel for leisure. The improved infrastructure allowed for the development of tourist destinations , such as seaside resorts and national parks. These places were now easily accessible to a larger number of people, boosting the tourism industry.

Alongside transportation, technological advancements in communication, such as the invention of the telegraph, played a crucial role in shaping tourism and travel. Information about travel destinations, accommodations, and attractions became more widely available, allowing travelers to plan their trips more efficiently. Travel guides , maps, and brochures were published to provide detailed information about different tourist destinations.

Industrialization also led to changes in work patterns and an increase in disposable income for many people. This resulted in the emergence of the middle class, who now had the means and time to engage in leisure activities, including travel. The desire to explore new places, experience different cultures, and escape from the crowded and polluted cities drove the growth of tourism during this period.

Furthermore, the rise of industrialization led to the growth of the hospitality industry . The expansion of hotels, inns, and boarding houses provided accommodation options for travelers. These establishments catered to the needs and desires of tourists, offering various amenities and services.

Overall, the rise of industrialization in the 19th century revolutionized tourism and travel. It made travel more accessible, efficient, and appealing to a larger segment of society. The advancements in transportation, communication, and infrastructure played a pivotal role in shaping the tourism industry as we know it today.

What were the main modes of transportation used by tourists in the 19th century?

During the 19th century, tourists relied on various modes of transportation to explore new destinations. Horse-drawn carriages were a popular choice, particularly in urban areas where they provided a convenient and comfortable means of transportation. These carriages ranged from simple two-wheeled vehicles to more elaborate four-wheeled coaches, catering to different levels of comfort and affordability.

As technology advanced, steam-powered trains became a significant mode of transportation for tourists in the 19th century. The development of rail networks allowed travelers to cover long distances quickly and efficiently. This opened up new opportunities for exploration and tourism, enabling people to visit previously inaccessible locations.

Steamboats were another common form of transportation for tourists during this era. They offered a unique way to explore rivers, lakes, and coastal areas, providing both transportation and accommodations. Steamboats were often used for leisurely cruises along scenic routes, allowing tourists to enjoy picturesque landscapes while traveling.

For those seeking more adventurous travel experiences, stagecoaches and wagon trains were popular choices. These modes of transportation were commonly used in frontier regions, where roads were rough or non-existent. Stagecoaches were essentially large, sturdy carriages drawn by horses, while wagon trains consisted of multiple wagons pulled by teams of horses or oxen. These methods of travel allowed tourists to venture into unexplored territories with the necessary supplies.

As the century progressed, advancements in engineering led to the introduction of bicycles and early automobiles . While not as widely used as other modes of transportation, these innovations provided tourists with flexibility and independence in their travels. Bicycles offered a more active and affordable way to explore, while early automobiles provided a faster and more luxurious option for wealthier tourists.

During the 19th century, tourists utilized various modes of transportation, including horse-drawn carriages, steam-powered trains, steamboats, stagecoaches, wagon trains, bicycles, and early automobiles, to explore new destinations and embark on exciting travel adventures.

How did the growth of the middle class in the 19th century contribute to the development of mass tourism?

The growth of the middle class in the 19th century contributed significantly to the development of mass tourism.

As the Industrial Revolution took hold across Europe and North America, it brought forth technological advancements , such as steamships and railways, which made transportation more efficient and affordable. This allowed the middle class, who had experienced an increase in disposable income and leisure time, to embark on travels for pleasure .

The middle class, characterized by their desire for social mobility and cultural refinement, embraced the idea of exploring new destinations as a way to broaden their horizons and showcase their newfound status. They sought out experiences that were previously only accessible to the wealthy elite, such as visiting historical landmarks, museums, and natural wonders.

Furthermore, the growth of the middle class led to the establishment of mass production industries and the rise of mass media such as newspapers and magazines. These mediums played a crucial role in promoting and advertising travel opportunities, creating a sense of wanderlust among the general population. The dissemination of information about various destinations, attractions, and travel itineraries inspired individuals to venture beyond their localities and partake in the emerging trend of mass tourism.

The demand generated by the middle-class travelers prompted entrepreneurs to invest in the development of infrastructure, including the construction of hotels, resorts, and tourist attractions. Improved accommodations, transportation networks, and organized tours catered specifically to the needs and desires of the growing middle-class tourist market.

Overall, the growth of the middle class in the 19th century, fueled by economic prosperity and technological advancements, played a pivotal role in making mass tourism a widespread phenomenon. Their increased mobility, disposable income, and aspirations for social and cultural progression transformed travel from a luxury reserved for a privileged few into a mass-market experience accessible to a broader segment of society.

Tourism in the 19th century marked a significant shift in the way people from various social classes engaged with travel and leisure. With advancements in transportation, the accessibility of new destinations increased, allowing individuals to explore different cultures and landscapes.

The rise of the railway system played a crucial role in facilitating this growth, as it provided a faster and more convenient mode of transportation for both domestic and international travel. This development not only sparked a sense of wanderlust among the middle and upper classes but also opened up opportunities for individuals in lower socio-economic backgrounds to experience travel to a certain extent.

Moreover, the 19th century witnessed the emergence of guidebooks, travel agencies, and organized tours, which streamlined the travel experience by providing information, itineraries, and assistance to travelers. This commercialization of travel affected the perception of tourism , transforming it into a popular leisure activity rather than a pursuit limited to the privileged few.

However, it is important to recognize that tourism in the 19th century was predominantly enjoyed by those with sufficient time, wealth, and social status. The majority of travelers were from the upper echelons of society, seeking to gain cultural capital or engage in the popular pastime of the Grand Tour.

Overall, the 19th century witnessed an unprecedented growth in tourism, with increased accessibility, commercialization, and diversification of travel experiences. This era laid the foundation for modern-day tourism, shaping the industry and paving the way for future advancements.

As we reflect on the evolution of tourism in the 19th century, it is essential to acknowledge both its positive contributions and the inherent inequalities that were intertwined with the experience. By understanding the historical context, we can continue to shape the present and foster a more inclusive and sustainable future for tourism.

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THE EVOLUTION OF THE TOURISM SECTOR

25 Aug THE EVOLUTION OF THE TOURISM SECTOR

Tourism has evolved hand-in-hand with changing technology, communications and marketing practices.

While in 1950 the world welcomed 25 million international tourists, according to UNWTO data, by 2019 this had increased to 1.5 billion.

The massive increase in the number of people joining the middle classes globally, along with the falling cost of travelling, the emergence of low-cost airlines, and the rise of the internet and its impact on both social interactions and business models, are among the main factors behind the increase in tourist numbers.

• Thanks to the internet, almost everyone can easily buy a plane or train ticket, often at a low cost.
• The creation of new companies and market niches help consumers access travel in a more efficient and simple way, eliminating third parties. Travel agencies are being left in the background because of this.
• New accommodation and transportation platforms have also increased levels of competition and lowered costs for tourists.

So, what was seen as a luxury available to just a small few in 1950 had by 2020 become an achievable aspiration for a large number of people in every part of the world.

While the situation for tourism in 2021 is characterized by its response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the sector continues to adapt  in order to restart and grow back stronger and more sustainably.

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The Technological Revolution Impacting on Travel Tourism and Hospitality Industry

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Technology and its dazzling innovations not only change how we travel but also the very notion of travel and tourism itself. The emergence of an all-knowing and omni-present digital cloud will modify all of the stages of our travelling and holidaying: from the research phase to the booking, from the fruition to the socialisation. New types of holidays will emerge, new ways of engaging with local reality will gain traction, potentially revolutionising the very essence and purpose of the experience.

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Expedia Traveller Attribution Study. (2015). https://www.travelmarketreport.com/articles/Consumers-Visit-38-Sites-Before-Booking-Expedia-Says .

Google/Phocuswright Travel Study (2017). https://storage.googleapis.com/twg-content/original_images/1121-Future-of-Travel-Download-03.jpg .

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Boschetto Doorly, V. (2020). The Technological Revolution Impacting on Travel Tourism and Hospitality Industry. In: Megatrends Defining the Future of Tourism. Anticipation Science, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48626-6_4

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The future of health tourism in the industrial revolution 4.0 era

Journal of Tourism Futures

ISSN : 2055-5911

Article publication date: 22 May 2020

Issue publication date: 2 June 2021

The technological advances in the Industrial Revolution (IR) 4.0 era escalate the advancement of the healthcare industry, including the health tourism phenomenon. Based on the current trend in connected health care (e.g. mobile healthcare technology; digital health, etc.), this paper aims to propose that the distance between healthcare providers around the globe and its potential patients can be vastly reduced to almost on a real time basis.

Design/methodology/approach

A secondary literature review is conducted to identify the key development of IR 4.0 technologies in the healthcare industry and its possible trend leading the health tourism sector.

The adoption of IR 4.0 technologies is expected to make seeking treatments overseas more affordable, accessible and health records readily available on a real-time and secured basis. However, it is worth to note that the growth of health tourism raises the eyebrows of society from the security, social and economic perspectives.

Originality/value

This paper contributes to our understanding that the emergence of IR 4.0 technologies changes the landscape of the health care and health tourism industry. Continuous technology advancement is expected to further shape the future trend and escalate the commercialization aspect of the health tourism industry.

• Future trends
• Industrial revolution
• Technologies
• Health tourism

Wong, B.K.M. and Sa’aid Hazley, S.A. (2021), "The future of health tourism in the industrial revolution 4.0 era", Journal of Tourism Futures , Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-01-2020-0006

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020, Brian Kee Mun Wong and Sarah Alia Saaid Hazley.

Published in Journal of Tourism Futures . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this license may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

Introduction

Healthcare is a robust industry, which is tightly related to other sectors such as travel and tourism, wellness and information, communication and technology. The merging of health care and travel sectors has seen it become a prominent movement in the past decade or so. It has created a phenomenal enhancement in human mobility worldwide. In fact, the concept of healthcare travel has its history dating back to the ancient times when people travelled places, searching far and wide, for the best healthcare services.

Ancient civilizations conceded the therapeutic effects of thermal medicine, hot springs and sacred temple baths ( Gianfaldoni et al. , 2017 ). The earliest health complexes within a hot springs’ vicinity were built by the Sumerians (about 4000 BC), whereas the ancient Greeks built the Asclepia Temple in honour of their God of Medicine, Asclepius ( Health-Tourism.com, 2020 ). The temple formed one of the world’s first health centers where people from different parts of the world travelled to seek solutions for their medical ailments. The ancient Greeks laid the first foundation of a comprehensive healthcare travelling network ever since.

In the modern era, healthcare traveling has evolved to include well-being enhancement and leisure, as patients require time to recuperate and recover. The evolution has obligated destination marketers to relook into the purpose of healthcare travelers when visiting a destination. The combination of health care, travel, tourism and wellness concepts eventually created the concept of health tourism. The term, “health tourism” or “medical tourism” has been used since the 17th century ( Yusof et al. , 2019 ). In fact, health tourism, medical tourism and wellness tourism are commonly used interchangeably, and perhaps it is essential to note that each of the terminologies is, in fact, different ( Wong and Musa, 2013 ). Health tourist, thus, in this context, is defined as tourist who travel elsewhere to seek and receive health, medical and/or wellness services for different reasons.

Health care has always been evolving gradually with its medical technologies ( Allen, 2019 ; Lobo, 2020 ), however new diseases are always demanding for new treatments and these treatments are not always offered at one’s preferred area or location. Hence, the technology advancement is not only enhancing medical precision and quality but also bringing healthcare services closer and faster to the patients, revolutionizing the healthcare travelling requirements. Health tourism has gradually integrated the demand for sophisticated and cultivated medical treatments and of the devices above par the personalized ones ( Bhattacharyya, 2020 ; Hong, 2016 ; Medical Technology, 2020 ). The Industrial Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0) is a much talked about term in this current technology-dominated economy.

While the first IR introduced the use of steam-powered and mechanics to increase production, the Industry 2.0 popularized the electricity and mass-production processes. The third IR brought the first wave of digitalization of technology, enhancing economies to go beyond political and geographical boundaries and at a faster speed. The latest, fourth IR, is an advancement of Industry 3.0 where the physical, digital and biological spheres are connected ( Bernasconi, 2016 ), continues to disrupt business practices and the society’s ways of life. Among the IR 4.0 technologies include Internet of Things (IoT), automation, robotics, virtual reality, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud solutions and big data analytics. Despite the technology advancements not only benefits the development of health tourism industry but also the tourism industry, in general; this paper focuses on the earlier context.

IR 4.0 is shaking the healthcare industry by storm with a robust transformation within the mobility enhancement concept ( Landman, 2018 ). This mobile health care is expected to make health care more affordable, accessible and health records readily available and secure. Some of mobile healthcare devices and infrastructure that helps to shape the future include telemedicine, wearables, digital sensors and biotelemetry, remote patient monitoring, virtual rehabilitation and intelligent fabric. It has not only benefited many patients but also enabled healthcare providers to streamline processes, synthesize information and provide real-time updates. The latest innovation in healthcare technologies will provide a much competitive advantage, especially in developing faster and more effective treatment ( Bernasconi, 2016 ).

Telemedicine is among the initial stage of IT-enabled collaboration within the healthcare industry. The benefit of implementing telemedicine has been widely appreciated by healthcare professionals particularly in managing chronic diseases. It enhances patients’ mobility virtually, making geographical location less of a factor in obtaining healthcare services. This enables patients from remote areas to access the best health care from a touch of their smart phone. A research conducted at Mayo Clinic, USA, revealed an astonishing acceptance level of mobile technology, where more than 80% of the patients indicated interest in using mHealth applications. In 2011, the US Secretary of Health and Human Services recognized mHealth services as one of the biggest health-related technology ( Nehra et al. , 2017 ).

The technology is very much relevant and useful for health tourism, particularly in enhancing the process of pre- and post-operative care, in both medical and customer service perspectives ( Medical Tourism Magazine , 2020 ). Tele-consultations can be performed remotely by anesthesiologists and surgeons to assess health tourists’ healing and wound recovery process even when they reside in their home country. Healthcare professionals at the health tourism destination can follow-up with the patients’ local primary care providers in their home country via teleconferencing and/or telehealth applications. For example, the online-based Chinese American Physicians E-Hospital was launched in 2015, providing health tourists the tele-consultation services and international transfer from their home country to the USA for treatment. This enables more convenient and hassle-less health tourism experience to the USA ( Hong, 2016 ).

The mobile health care further innovates into related digitalized products such as wearables, digital sensors and biotelemetry. Among the diagnostic procedures to perform digitally via wearable devices and sensors include blood glucose levels, electrocardiogram, pulse and blood pressure checking and blood oxygen saturation levels. The data collected digitally will then connect to the mobile application installed in the user’s (i.e. health tourist) smart phone. Regular health progress can be transmitted to the health care professionals and in return proactive measures for better health control can then be recommended to the users, digitally and remotely.

IoT is conquering every aspect of human life and work environment. This is no exception to the healthcare industry. In fact, the term of Internet of Medical Things was highlighted by the Department of Health, Abu Dhabi (2020) during the 12th annual World Medical Tourism & Global Healthcare Congress in 2019. The wearables and sensors that form part of IoT are indicated to be beneficial to healthcare professionals are gaining effective benefits ( Junata and Tong, 2018 ). The use of fitness-tracking bands, smart watches and smart textile can easily collect data on patients’ health conditions and connect with the healthcare professionals in other parts of the world. While these technological devices may apply to any individuals, the usage is prominent for health tourists who may opt to have follow-up with their doctors in another country remotely, as data can be transmitted to them on real-time basis ( Psiha and Vlamos, 2017 ).

The data from the sensor was then transmitted via IoT sensor platform, to a dedicated android app developed on a Google Nexus 5X smart phone. However, the development is yet to be compatible with smart phone options. An example of such technology usage in health care is the cloud-based wearable IoT sensor systems that measure asthma patients’ exposure to aldehydes, in real-life settings ( Li et al. , 2019 ). The recent 5G medical technology development further enhances the patterns of production and consumption of health tourism services, such as smart wearables (e.g. clothes that measure heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, skin moisture, etc.) and active device location tracking ( Psiha and Vlamos, 2017 ). Such development is highly applicable and useful for health tourism, as it allows continuous communication and data updates through cloud computing between the health tourists (at home country) and the healthcare professionals (at health tourism destination).

Next, the virtual rehabilitation application will also be benefiting the health tourism industry. It is a system that integrates wearable sensors and records range of motion. The data are analyzed for the therapists to guide the patients in real time via a mobile device (e.g. tablet, smart phone). The National University of Singapore has launched an IoT-based rehabilitation program for stroke patients in 2016. However, there are very few studies on the adoption rate of these innovations among local communities and health tourists, seeing Singapore as among the top health tourism destinations globally.

Other rehabilitation technologies include robotics ( Department of Health, Abu Dhabi, 2020 ; Mann, 2013 ) (e.g. Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi implemented robotic surgery since 2017) and assistive technology (AT) ( Carlson and Ehrlich, 2005 ). In fact, AT plays an intermediary role where it enables disabled individuals (e.g. severe paralysis) to transmit their messages/intentions to other devices (e.g. computers) within their surrounding environment ( Ghovanloo and Huo, 2014 ). These technologies further upscale the offerings and competitiveness of health tourism destinations to lure health tourists.

Despite AI has existed sometimes back, the application of it in the healthcare industry is still at the infant stage. The behavioural and mental healthcare fields use AI to learn, understand and reason to make better clinical decisions, diagnostics, testing and patient care management. Besides, AI technologies and techniques also enhance patients’ lives via advance self-care tools. For example, the interactive mobile health applications study the patterns and preferences of users. By doing so, the AI may improve public health through the detection of health risks and recommending interventions.

The use of AI enables the interactions between health professionals and care seekers at a distant, providing necessary treatment recommendations ( Luxton, 2016 ), a very useful communication and interaction tool between health tourists and the healthcare professionals overseas. In stepping up Abu Dhabi as a unique health tourism destination, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has taken AI seriously in regulating the development of its healthcare industry by introducing the first AI policy, tabling out the UAE Artificial Intelligence Strategy and announcing it world’s first Minister of State for Artificial Intelligence.

The integration of IR 4.0 technologies in general healthcare industry will benefit health tourism development as it will revolutionize patients’ travel options and patterns, particularly for the initial checking and later follow-up stages. Such benefit becomes more significant among the elderlies and those who may have mobility issue to travel. Digitalized and connected health care saw increased investment over the past few years and the widespread use of technology-enabled health care further making the idea of “Smart Hospital” a reality (Frost and Sullivan, 2017 ). The call for the use of blockchain technology to enhance the safety and effective use of health data within the health tourism industry gained attention in the recent years ( Iryo.network, 2018 ). The use of technology may free up face-to-face appointments for health tourists, particularly for follow-up sessions after returning to their home country, and thus generate more convenient and cost-effective experience.

The freer mobility of health tourists around the globe has relatively changed the requirements of demand and supply of healthcare products and services. It is no longer the developed nations that can reap the commercial benefits of the health tourism growth but also the developing nations. Though health tourism remains a niche contribution to the total tourism receipts of many destinations, the direct and indirect effects on the overall tourism industry is well appreciated ( NaRanong and NaRanong, 2011 ). For example, the multiplying effects of health tourism towards other tourism sectors (e.g. hotels, airlines, food and beverages) have been reported to be between three to four times in Malaysia ( Yusof, 2017 ). Thus, the growth of health tourism should be given ample attention for nations with a strong and competitive healthcare services.

Healthcare know-how and technologies are available in many parts of the world. The availability of IR 4.0 technologies also enhances expert mobility (e.g. doctors, nurses, professors and care takers) virtually and further enhances the readiness of developing nations to receive its health tourists with an open hand. Perhaps, with the adoption of IR 4.0 technologies among the health tourism facilities, health tourists may not necessarily require physical movement elsewhere anymore in seeking and receiving health services, such as simple health checks or health advice.

While it is believed that these technologies benefit patients in terms of precision and timeliness, the key concerns raised by critics include the absence of empathy and lack of trust in a robot’s decision-making ( Lobo, 2020 ; Tim, 2018 ). Other concerns of incorporating technologies into health tourism specifically may include data leakages, privacy matters, cybersecurity and over-commercialization concerns ( Medical Technology, 2020 ). While the growth of health tourism is prominent, it is also essential to take note of its impact on the local healthcare system, healthcare resources management, cost-containment strategies and post-humanism matters.

The recent corona virus pandemic that puts global travelling almost to a halt is a good example of why the future of health tourism should evolve through the technology advancement, specifically the IR 4.0 technologies as available currently. Health care is no longer just about local accessibility but cross-national borders, be it physically or virtually.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to appreciate UOW Malaysia KDU University College for providing Research Grant to conduct this study.

Corresponding author

About the authors.

Brian Kee Mun Wong is based at the School of Business, UOW Malaysia KDU University College, Shah Alam, Malaysia.He is an Associate Professor and has a PhD in Tourism Management from the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. He currently heads the School of Business at the UOW Malaysia KDU University College. He is a marketing, management and entrepreneurship research enthusiast, particularly in the area of travel, tourism and hospitality.

Sarah Alia Sa’aid Hazley is based at the School of Business, UOW Malaysia KDU University College, Shah Alam, Malaysia. She is an Undergraduate and a Research Assistant at the UOW Malaysia KDU University College. She has an interest in cross-discipline research such as fintech, marketing and tourism.

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For consumers nowadays  there are noumerous different way of booking whereas before the digitalization there just was one option: the travel agengy. Mobile phones enlarge the options, epecially when considering the developments with regard to data roaming in the European Community. For example online travel guides offer several advantages: simple updates, links to specific information, search functions, bookmarks or feedback and evaluations  of other travelers.

While the older generation prefers to book their holiday in a travel agency, the younger generation is in favor of online booking portals. Based on this fact, more and more hotels are focusing on online promotion. In contrast to bigger hotels or big hotel chains, small hotels have to expand their online sales features e.g. direct booking via their official website or invest in online travel agencies i.e. booking.com. Otherwise, the hotel will be influenced negatively and suffer from the new evolution called “industry 4.0”.

Tags: digital society , English , German (Deutsch) , research , technology , WYRED Platform , young people , youth

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